1º Question:
Etnical, genetic, linguistic, and religious differences between Gaza, Palestine, and Jordan populations. Historical evolution, links, ideologies, and politics drift during the 20th and 21st centuries.
### Ethnic, Genetic, Linguistic, and Religious Differences
#### Gaza (Palestine) vs. Jordan
**Ethnic and Genetic Differences:**
- **Gaza:** The population of Gaza is primarily Palestinian Arab. Ethnically, they are part of the broader Arab population with genetic ties to the ancient Canaanites and various groups that have settled in the region over millennia.
- **Jordan:** The population of Jordan is also predominantly Arab, but with a more diverse genetic background due to the influx of different groups over time. This includes Bedouins, Circassians, Chechens, and Armenians, alongside a significant Palestinian refugee population.
**Linguistic Differences:**
- **Gaza:** The primary language spoken is Palestinian Arabic, a dialect of Levantine Arabic with local variations.
- **Jordan:** The official language is Jordanian Arabic, another dialect of Levantine Arabic. However, due to the diverse ethnic groups in Jordan, other languages such as Circassian and Chechen can also be found.
**Religious Differences:**
- **Gaza:** The vast majority of the population is Sunni Muslim. There is a small Christian minority.
- **Jordan:** While also predominantly Sunni Muslim, Jordan has a slightly larger Christian minority compared to Gaza. The Christian population includes Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and other denominations.
### Historical Evolution and Links
**Gaza (Palestine):**
- **Ottoman Rule:** Before the 20th century, Gaza was part of the Ottoman Empire. It was an important trade hub due to its location.
- **British Mandate:** After World War I, Gaza fell under British control as part of the Mandate for Palestine.
- **1948 Arab-Israeli War:** Following the establishment of Israel, Gaza was administered by Egypt. The influx of Palestinian refugees significantly altered its demographics.
- **1967 Six-Day War:** Israel occupied Gaza. The occupation has led to numerous conflicts and a significant humanitarian crisis.
- **2005 Disengagement:** Israel unilaterally withdrew from Gaza, but it has continued to control its borders, airspace, and maritime access. Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007, leading to an ongoing blockade and frequent conflicts with Israel.
**Jordan:**
- **Ottoman Rule:** Similarly, Jordan was part of the Ottoman Empire until World War I.
- **British Mandate:** Post-war, the area known as Transjordan was under British mandate.
- **1946 Independence:** Jordan gained independence and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
- **1948 Arab-Israeli War:** Jordan annexed the West Bank and East Jerusalem, leading to significant demographic changes.
- **1967 Six-Day War:** Jordan lost the West Bank to Israel, causing another wave of Palestinian refugees.
- **Political Stability:** Jordan has managed to maintain relative stability in a tumultuous region, partly due to its monarchy's adaptability and strategic alliances, particularly with Western powers and neighboring Arab states.
### Ideological and Political Drift
**Gaza (Palestine):**
- **Early 20th Century:** The rise of Arab nationalism and the struggle against Zionism defined the ideological landscape.
- **Mid-20th Century:** Post-1948, Palestinian identity solidified around the refugee experience and opposition to Israeli occupation. The PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) emerged as a key player.
- **Late 20th Century:** The First Intifada (1987-1993) marked a significant shift towards grassroots resistance. The Oslo Accords in the 1990s offered hope but ultimately led to disillusionment.
- **21st Century:** The Second Intifada (2000-2005) led to further radicalization. Hamas, an Islamist organization, gained prominence, winning the 2006 legislative elections. Internal Palestinian divisions deepened between Hamas (Gaza) and Fatah (West Bank).
**Jordan:**
- **Early 20th Century:** The creation of Transjordan as a British mandate, followed by the establishment of the Hashemite monarchy, set the stage for modern Jordan.
- **Mid-20th Century:** King Abdullah I was assassinated in 1951, reflecting regional tensions. His grandson, King Hussein, managed to navigate these challenges, balancing between modernization and maintaining traditional authority.
- **Late 20th Century:** The peace treaty with Israel in 1994 marked a significant political shift. Jordan's role as a mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict became more pronounced.
- **21st Century:** King Abdullah II has focused on economic reforms and managing the impacts of regional conflicts, including the influx of refugees from Iraq and Syria. The Arab Spring in 2011 led to some domestic unrest, but Jordan has remained relatively stable.
### Political and Ideological Divergence
- **Gaza:** Ideologically driven by resistance against Israeli occupation, with significant influence from Islamist movements (Hamas).
- **Jordan:** Focused on stability, economic development, and maintaining strategic alliances. The monarchy plays a central role in mediating regional conflicts and promoting moderate Islam.
### Conclusion
The populations of Gaza and Jordan share a common Arab heritage but differ significantly due to their unique historical experiences, political developments, and socio-economic conditions. Gaza’s history of conflict and occupation has fostered a resistance-oriented ideology, while Jordan’s relatively stable monarchy has pursued a path of modernization and strategic diplomacy. These differences have shaped distinct national identities and political trajectories in the 20th and 21st centuries.
2º Question:
Trans and Cis Jordan, archeological, anthropological, sociological, economic, historical comparisons.
### Transjordan and Cisjordan: Historical and Cultural Comparisons
### Definitions:
- **Transjordan**: Refers to the area east of the Jordan River, now part of the modern Kingdom of Jordan.
- **Cisjordan**: Refers to the area west of the Jordan River, encompassing Israel and Palestine.
### Archaeological and Anthropological Comparisons
#### **Prehistoric Periods:**
- **Transjordan**: The region has rich archaeological sites like the early Neolithic village of 'Ain Ghazal, which indicates early settlement and sophisticated societal structures around 7250 BCE. The area also includes sites such as Pella and the ancient city of Jerash.
- **Cisjordan**: Known for numerous prehistoric sites including Jericho, one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, dating back to around 9000 BCE. The region also includes other significant sites such as Tel Megiddo and Hazor.
#### **Bronze and Iron Ages:**
- **Transjordan**: Home to the kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom. Archaeological sites like Dhiban and Petra show sophisticated urban planning and cultural development.
- **Cisjordan**: Dominated by Canaanite culture in the Bronze Age, followed by the rise of ancient Israel and Judah in the Iron Age. Notable archaeological sites include Jerusalem, Hebron, and Lachish.
#### **Classical Antiquity:**
- **Transjordan**: Part of the Nabataean Kingdom with its capital at Petra, a major trading hub and architectural marvel. Later became part of the Roman Empire, known for cities like Jerash (Gerasa) and Amman (Philadelphia).
- **Cisjordan**: Included significant cities like Jerusalem and Caesarea Maritima, with extensive Roman and Byzantine influences. It was a center for early Christianity and witnessed the construction of numerous churches and synagogues.
### Sociological and Economic Comparisons Through History
#### **Ancient Periods:**
- **Transjordan**: Economically benefited from trade routes connecting Arabia with the Mediterranean. The Nabataeans controlled lucrative incense and spice trade routes.
- **Cisjordan**: The fertile coastal plains and valleys were conducive to agriculture. The region was also part of important trade routes, including the Via Maris.
#### **Medieval Periods:**
- **Transjordan**: Under Islamic rule, it remained a vital trade and pilgrimage route. Cities like Amman and Aqaba thrived as part of the Islamic Caliphates.
- **Cisjordan**: Experienced significant turmoil during the Crusades. Cities like Jerusalem were of immense religious importance and changed hands multiple times between Christian and Muslim rulers.
#### **Ottoman Period:**
- **Transjordan**: Generally more rural and less economically developed compared to Cisjordan. The population was largely nomadic or semi-nomadic.
- **Cisjordan**: Had more developed urban centers and was more integrated into the Ottoman administrative structure. Cities like Jerusalem, Jaffa, and Hebron were significant economic and religious hubs.
### Modern Period and Sociopolitical Developments
#### **20th Century:**
- **Transjordan**: Became the Emirate of Transjordan under British mandate after World War I. Gained independence as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946. The discovery of oil in neighboring regions and its strategic location brought economic and political changes.
- **Cisjordan**: Underwent significant political upheaval, including the British mandate, the establishment of Israel in 1948, and the ensuing Arab-Israeli conflicts. The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950 and occupied by Israel in 1967.
#### **21st Century:**
- **Transjordan (Jordan)**: Has pursued economic modernization and political stability despite regional turmoil. Faces challenges related to water scarcity, economic development, and the influx of refugees from neighboring conflicts.
- **Cisjordan (Israel and Palestine)**: Israel has developed a robust, technologically advanced economy but faces ongoing conflict and security issues. The Palestinian territories struggle with political instability, economic challenges, and the impacts of Israeli occupation.
### Cultural and Religious Evolution
- **Transjordan**: Historically influenced by Bedouin culture, with strong tribal affiliations. Predominantly Sunni Muslim, with Christian minorities and other religious groups.
- **Cisjordan**: Culturally diverse with significant Jewish, Christian, and Muslim populations. The religious significance of Jerusalem makes it a focal point for all three Abrahamic faiths.
### Conclusion
Transjordan and Cisjordan have rich and intertwined histories, each contributing uniquely to the cultural and historical landscape of the region. While Transjordan has been characterized by its role as a trade route and later as a modern state striving for economic stability, Cisjordan has been marked by its fertile lands, religious significance, and centrality in geopolitical conflicts. Both regions continue to navigate complex sociopolitical landscapes shaped by their historical legacies.
3º Question:
Geological, climatic, ecological, and environmental comparisons, between Gaza, Palestine, and Jordan scapelands.
### Geological, Climatic, Ecological, and Environmental Comparisons
#### Gaza, Palestine vs. Jordan
### Geological Comparisons
**Gaza:**
- **Geology:** The Gaza Strip lies on the coastal plain of the eastern Mediterranean. It consists mainly of alluvial and coastal sediments deposited over millennia. The terrain is flat to gently undulating.
- **Soil:** Predominantly sandy with some loamy areas. The soil is often saline due to poor drainage and proximity to the sea.
**Jordan:**
- **Geology:** Jordan's landscape is diverse, including the Jordan Rift Valley, the Eastern Desert, and the highlands. The Rift Valley is part of the larger Great Rift Valley, characterized by tectonic activity.
- **Soil:** Varies widely; fertile soils in the Jordan Valley, arid and rocky soils in the eastern desert, and more fertile, loamy soils in the highland regions.
### Climatic Comparisons
**Gaza:**
- **Climate:** Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.
- **Temperature:** Average temperatures range from 10°C (50°F) in winter to 30°C (86°F) in summer.
- **Rainfall:** Receives about 300-400 mm of rain annually, mostly during the winter months (November to March).
**Jordan:**
- **Climate:** Varies significantly across regions.
- **Jordan Valley:** Mediterranean climate, similar to Gaza.
- **Highlands:** More temperate, with cooler temperatures and higher rainfall (up to 600 mm annually in some areas).
- **Eastern Desert:** Arid climate, with very low rainfall (less than 50 mm annually) and extreme temperatures.
- **Temperature:** Ranges from freezing in the highlands during winter to over 40°C (104°F) in the eastern desert during summer.
### Ecological Comparisons
**Gaza:**
- **Flora and Fauna:** Limited due to urbanization and high population density. Natural vegetation includes coastal dunes and scrubland. Wildlife is sparse but includes migratory birds.
- **Biodiversity:** Impacted by human activities and habitat loss. Efforts to protect remaining natural areas are ongoing but challenging.
**Jordan:**
- **Flora and Fauna:** Diverse ecosystems due to varied climate and topography.
- **Jordan Valley:** Supports agriculture, including citrus fruits, vegetables, and cereals.
- **Highlands:** Home to forests of pine, oak, and juniper.
- **Eastern Desert:** Sparse vegetation, mainly adapted to arid conditions (e.g., acacias and desert shrubs).
- **Biodiversity:** Rich in wildlife, including species such as the Arabian oryx, Nubian ibex, and various bird species. Protected areas like Dana Biosphere Reserve and Wadi Rum preserve unique habitats.
### Environmental Comparisons
**Gaza:**
- **Water Resources:** Scarce and over-exploited. The coastal aquifer is the primary source of water, but it is heavily polluted and overdrawn, leading to salinization.
- **Pollution:** Significant issues due to high population density, inadequate waste management, and conflict-related infrastructure damage. Air and water pollution are major concerns.
- **Land Use:** Highly urbanized with limited green spaces. Agriculture is constrained by land and water availability.
**Jordan:**
- **Water Resources:** One of the world’s most water-scarce countries. Major sources include the Jordan River, groundwater, and rainwater harvesting. The Disi Water Conveyance Project and desalination are key initiatives.
- **Pollution:** Urban areas face pollution challenges, but overall less severe than Gaza. Efforts are ongoing to manage waste and improve air quality.
- **Land Use:** Agriculture is significant in the Jordan Valley and highlands. Urbanization is expanding, especially around Amman, but large areas remain rural or undeveloped.
### Summary
- **Geology:** Gaza has a relatively simple coastal plain geology, while Jordan exhibits diverse geological features, including the Rift Valley and highlands.
- **Climate:** Both regions have Mediterranean influences, but Jordan also includes arid desert climates and temperate highlands.
- **Ecology:** Gaza's ecology is limited by urbanization and resource constraints, whereas Jordan has diverse ecosystems ranging from fertile valleys to arid deserts.
- **Environment:** Both regions face significant environmental challenges, particularly related to water scarcity. Gaza's issues are exacerbated by political conflict, while Jordan has more varied environmental conditions but also more resources and infrastructure to address them.
Understanding these differences is crucial for developing sustainable strategies to address environmental and resource challenges unique to each region.
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Q:
Death toll victims comparison between terrorist groups, Hamas, ETA, IRA, FARC, ELN, EZLN, AL QAEDA, ISIS, Jihad, Hezbollah, Sendero Luminoso.
Comparing the death tolls caused by various terrorist groups can be challenging due to differing time frames, geographical scopes, and the nature of their activities. However, here's an overview based on available data:
1. **Hamas (1987 - present)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Several thousand, primarily in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
2. **ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (1959 - 2011)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Approximately 800-850 people, mostly in Spain.
3. **IRA (Irish Republican Army) (1969 - 2005)**
- Estimated Death Toll: About 1,800 people, primarily during The Troubles in Northern Ireland.
4. **FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) (1964 - 2017)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Around 200,000 people, mostly due to the broader Colombian conflict.
5. **ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional) (1964 - present)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Thousands, but specific numbers are difficult to pin down due to the ongoing nature of the conflict.
6. **EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional) (1994 - present)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Relatively low, with the conflict primarily focused on social and political issues rather than widespread violence.
7. **Al-Qaeda (1988 - present)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Tens of thousands globally, including the nearly 3,000 deaths from the September 11 attacks.
8. **ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) (2013 - present)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Tens of thousands, primarily in Iraq and Syria but also globally due to various attacks.
9. **Jihadist Groups (general term for various extremist groups)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Varies widely depending on the group and region, but collectively responsible for tens of thousands of deaths globally.
10. **Hezbollah (1985 - present)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Thousands, primarily in Lebanon and Israel.
11. **Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) (1980s - present)**
- Estimated Death Toll: Around 70,000 people, mostly during the internal conflict in Peru.
These figures are rough estimates and can vary based on different sources and definitions of what constitutes terrorism-related deaths. Additionally, ongoing conflicts and activities mean these numbers can change.
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Based on the previous 4 questions, I would say, that there is no significant differences between Gaza, Palestine, and Jordan (Cis / Trans Jordan) populations in these levels: sociology, anthropology, religion, cultures, linguistics, climate, geology, environment, history, and slightly differences in ideological politics. It is like comparing Dakota's states.
So, if an imaginary 'South Dakota Liberation Army' kills 1500 souls in one afternoon, the 'global' government is going to concede their Independence and recognition?
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I do not deny that, in the near or far future we could see a Gaza nation, a Palestine nation, compete at football world cups, Olympics, UN seats...
I just think the next decades for peace could be like this 'crazy' idea.
The Jordan Kingdom takes sovereignty of a new autonomous province of Palestine, able to compete at international sports and political forums like Scotland does.
Gaza strip has been ruled by UN Blue Helmets for 50 years, now nobody's land, only to convert it into a green coastal arid huge food, wood, and agro production, using desalination plants like @eguraproject envisions, with workers from all religions (not only the 3 Abrahamic ones, but the Hindu, Buddhist, e.g.), of the potential families living in the future New United Kingdom of Jordan, in Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, all these nations united by a dreamed network of Green Hydrogen High-Speed Daud/David Trains, and all with railways to different sectors of Gaza International Peace Territories, governed by UN, Israel and Jordan, with no population, only day and night workers to produce goods for Jordan markets and excedents for the planet.
Gaza's civil population kidnaped by terrorists, and displaced by decades of wars, could live in modern cities in Autonomous Palestine Province inside the New United Kingdom of Jordan, with a President, Prime Minister, etc. Also could live in new coastal cities constructed at Sinai, Egypt, or Aqaba, Jordan, or Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coast, in some lands bought by the UN and its donors.
Only economic growth will bring peace, water, food, and energy scarcity are behind the obscure sources that are used by evil minds manipulating weak minds to become terrorists. That is why it is so important to improve the quality standard of life of every family on our planet.
States are an 'oeuvre' of the Malign.
Isa refuses....
(Matthew 4:8-11, year 70 a.D.)
(John 12, year 90 a.D)
Because, it is not normal for God to take a Son...
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19. Surah Maryam (Mary) (year 610 a.D.)
In the Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, Most Merciful
1. Kaf- Ha-Ya-'Ain-Sad.
[These letters are one of the miracles of the Qur'an, and none but Allah (Alone) knows their meanings].
2. (This is) a mention of the mercy of your Lord to His slave Zakariya (Zachariah).
3. When he called out to his Lord (Allah) a call in secret,
4. Saying: "My Lord! Indeed my bones have grown feeble, and grey hair has spread on my head, And I have never been unblest in my invocation to You, O my Lord!
5. "And Verily! I fear my relatives after me since my wife is barren. So give me from Yourself an heir,
6. "Who shall inherit me, and inherit (also) the posterity of Ya'qub (Jacob) (inheritance of the religious knowledge and Prophethood, not the wealth, etc.). And make him, my Lord, one with whom You are Well-pleased!".
7. (Allah said) "O Zakariya (Zachariah)! Verily, We give you the glad tidings of a son, His name will be Yahya (John). We have given that name to none before (him)."
8. He said: "My Lord! How can I have a son, when my wife is barren, and I have reached the extreme old age."
9. He said: "So (it will be). Your Lord says; It is easy for Me. Certainly, I have created you before, when you had been nothing!"
10. [Zakariya (Zachariah)] said: "My Lord! Appoint for me a sign." He said: "Your sign is that you shall not speak unto mankind for three nights, though having no bodily defect."
11. Then he came out to his people from Al-Mihrab (a praying place or a private room, etc.), he told them by signs to glorify Allah's Praises in the morning and in the afternoon.
12. (It was said to his son): "O Yahya (John)! Hold fast the Scripture [the Taurat (Torah)]." And We gave him wisdom while yet a child.
13. And (made him) sympathetic to men as a mercy (or a grant) from Us, and pure from sins [i.e. Yahya (John)] and he was righteous,
14. And dutiful towards his parents, and he was neither arrogant nor disobedient (to Allah or to his parents).
15. And Salamun (peace) be on him the day he was born, the day he dies, and the day he will be raised up to life (again)!
16. And mention in the Book (the Qur'an, O Muhammad , the story of) Maryam (Mary), when she withdrew in seclusion from her family to a place facing east.
17. She placed a screen (to screen herself) from them; then We sent to her Our Ruh [Angel Jibrael (Gabriel)], and he appeared before her in the form of a man in all respects.
18. She said: "Verily! I seek refuge with the Most Beneficent (Allah) from you, if you do fear Allah."
19. (The Angel) said: "I am only a Messenger from your Lord, (to announce) to you the gift of a righteous son."
20. She said: "How can I have a son, when no man has touched me, nor am I unchaste?"
21. He said: "So (it will be), your Lord said: 'That is easy for Me (Allah): And (We wish) to appoint him as a sign to mankind and a mercy from Us (Allah), and it is a matter (already) decreed, (by Allah).' "
22. So she conceived him, and she withdrew with him to a far place (i.e. Bethlehem valley about 4-6 miles from Jerusalem).
23. And the pains of childbirth drove her to the trunk of a date-palm. She said: "Would that I had died before this, and had been forgotten and out of sight!"
24. Then [the babe 'Iesa (Jesus) or Jibrael (Gabriel)] cried unto her from below her, saying: "Grieve not! Your Lord has provided a water stream under you;
25. "And shake the trunk of date-palm towards you, it will let fall fresh ripe-dates upon you."
26. "So eat and drink and be glad, and if you see any human being, say: 'Verily! I have vowed a fast unto the Most Beneficent (Allah) so I shall not speak to any human being this day.'"
27. Then she brought him (the baby) to her people, carrying him. They said: "O Mary! Indeed you have brought a thing Fariya (an unheard mighty thing).
28. "O sister of Harun (Aaron), but he was another pious man at the time of Maryam (Mary)]! Your father was not a man who used to commit adultery, nor your mother was an unchaste woman."
29. Then she pointed to him, to Iesa. They said: "How can we talk to one who is a child in the cradle?"
30. "He ['Iesa (Jesus)] said: Verily! I am a slave of Allah, He has given me the Scripture and made me a Prophet;"
31. "And He has made me blessed wheresoever I be, and has enjoined on me Salat (prayer), and Zakat, as long as I live."
32. "And dutiful to my mother, and made me not arrogant, unblest.
33. "And Salam (peace) be upon me the day I was born, and the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive!"
34. Such is 'Iesa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary). (it is) a statement of truth, about which they doubt (or dispute).
35. It is not normal for Allah that He beget a son. Glorified and Exalted be He above all that is associated with Him. When He decrees a thing, He only says to it, "Be!" and it is.
36. ['Iesa (Jesus) said]: "And verily Allah is my Lord and your Lord. So worship Him (Alone). That is the Straight Path.
37. Then the sects differed, so woe unto the disbelievers from the meeting of a great Day (i.e. the Day of Resurrection, when they will be thrown in the blazing Fire).
38. How clearly will they (polytheists and disbelievers in the Oneness of Allah) see and hear, the Day when they will appear before Us! But the Zalimun (polytheists and wrong-doers) today are in plain error.
39. And warn them (O Muhammad ) of the Day of grief and regrets, when the case has been decided, while (now) they are in a state of carelessness, and they believe not.
40. Verily! We will inherit the earth and whatsoever is thereon. And to Us they all shall be returned,
41. And mention in the Book Ibrahim (Abraham). Verily! He was a man of truth, a Prophet.
42. When he said to his father: "O my father! Why do you worship that which hears not, sees not and cannot avail you in anything?
43. "O my father! Verily! There has come to me of knowledge that which came not unto you. So follow me. I will guide you to a Straight Path.
44. "O my father! Worship not Shaitan (Satan). Verily! Shaitan (Satan) has been a rebel against the Most Beneficent (Allah).
45. "O my father! Verily! I fear lest a torment from the Most Beneficent (Allah) overtake you, so that you become a companion of Shaitan (Satan) (in the Hell-fire)." [Tafsir Al-Qurtubi]
46. He (the father) said: "Do you reject my gods, O Ibrahim (Abraham)? If you stop not (this), I will indeed stone you. So get away from me safely before I punish you."
47. Ibrahim (Abraham) said: "Peace be on you! I will ask Forgiveness of my Lord for you. Verily! He is unto me, Ever Most Gracious.
48. "And I shall turn away from you and from those whom you invoke besides Allah. And I shall call on my Lord; and I hope that I shall not be unblest in my invocation to my Lord."
49. So when he had turned away from them and from those whom they worshipped besides Allah, We gave him Ishaque (Isaac) and Ya'qub (Jacob), and each one of them We made a Prophet.
50. And We gave them of Our Mercy (a good provision in plenty), and We granted them honour on the tongues (of all the nations, i.e everybody remembers them with a good praise).
51. And mention in the Book Musa (Moses). Verily! He was chosen and he was a Messenger (and) a Prophet.
52. And We called him from the right side of the Mount, and made him draw near to Us for a talk with him [Musa (Moses)].
53. And We bestowed on him his brother Harun (Aaron), (also) a Prophet, out of Our Mercy.
54. And mention in the Book Isma'il (Ishmael). Verily! He was true to what he promised, and he was a Messenger, (and) a Prophet.
55. And he used to enjoin on his family and his people As-Salat (the prayers) and the Zakat, and his Lord was pleased with him.
56. And mentioned in the Book Idris (Enoch).Verily! He was a man of truth, (and) a Prophet.
57. And We raised him to a high station.
58. Those were they unto whom Allah bestowed His Grace from among the Prophets, of the offspring of Adam, and of those whom We carried (in the ship) with Nuh (Noah), and of the offspring of Ibrahim (Abraham) and Israel and from among those whom We guided and chose. When the Verses of the Most Beneficent (Allah) were recited unto them, they fell down prostrating and weeping.
59. Then, there has succeeded them a posterity who have given up As-Salat (the prayers) [i.e. made their Salat (prayers) to be lost, either by not offering them or by not offering them perfectly or by not offering them in their proper fixed times, etc.] and have followed lusts. So they will be thrown in Hell.
60. Except those who repent and believe (in the Oneness of Allah and His Messenger Muhammad ), and work righteousness. Such will enter Paradise and they will not be wronged in aught.
61. (They will enter) 'Adn (Eden) Paradise (everlasting Gardens), which the Most Beneficent (Allah) has promised to His slaves in the unseen: Verily! His Promise must come to pass.
62. They shall not hear therein (in Paradise) any Laghw (dirty, false, evil vain talk), but only Salam (salutations of peace). And they will have therein their sustenance, morning and afternoon. [See (V.40:55)].
63. Such is the Paradise which We shall give as an inheritance to those of Our slaves who have been Al-Muttaqun (pious and righteous persons - See V.2:2).
64. And we (Angels) descend not except by the Command of your Lord (O Muhammad ). To Him belongs what is before us and what is behind us, and what is between those two, and your Lord is never forgetful,
65. Lord of the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, so worship Him (Alone) and be constant and patient in His worship. Do you know of any who is similar to Him? (of course none is similar or coequal or comparable to Him, and He has none as partner with Him). [There is nothing like unto Him and He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer].
66. And man (the disbeliever) says: "When I am dead, shall I then be raised up alive?"
67. Does not man remember that We created him before, while he was nothing?
68. So by your Lord, surely, We shall gather them together, and (also) the Shayatin (devils) (with them), then We shall bring them round Hell on their knees.
69. Then indeed We shall drag out from every sect all those who were worst in obstinate rebellion against the Most Beneficent (Allah).
70. Then, verily, We know best those who are most worthy of being burnt therein.
71. There is not one of you but will pass over it (Hell); this is with your Lord; a Decree which must be accomplished.
72. Then We shall save those who use to fear Allah and were dutiful to Him. And We shall leave the Zalimun (polytheists and wrongdoers, etc.) therein (humbled) to their knees (in Hell).
73. And when Our Clear Verses are recited to them, those who disbelieve (the rich and strong among the pagans of Quraish who live a life of luxury) say to those who believe (the weak, poor companions of Prophet Muhammad who have a hard life): "Which of the two groups (i.e. believers and disbelievers) is best in (point of) position and as regards station (place of council for consultation)."
74. And how many a generation (past nations) have We destroyed before them, who were better in wealth, goods and outward appearance?
75. Say (O Muhammad ) whoever is in error, the Most Beneficent (Allah) will extend (the rope) to him, until, when they see that which they were promised, either the torment or the Hour, they will come to know who is worst in position, and who is weaker in forces. [This is the answer for the Verse No.19:73]
76. And Allah increases in guidance those who walk aright [true believers in the Oneness of Allah who fear Allah much (abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has forbidden), and love Allah much (perform all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained)]. And the righteous good deeds that last, are better with your Lord, for reward and better for resort.
77. Have you seen him who disbelieved in Our Ayat (this Qur'an and Muhammad ) and (yet) says: "I shall certainly be given wealth and children [if I will be alive (again)],"
78. Has he known the unseen or has he taken a covenant from the Most Beneficent (Allah)?
79. Nay! We shall record what he says, and We shall increase his torment (in the Hell);
80. And We shall inherit from him (at his death) all that he talks of (i.e. wealth and children which We have bestowed upon him in this world), and he shall come to Us alone.
81. And they have taken (for worship) aliha (gods) besides Allah, that they might give them honour, power and glory (and also protect them from Allah's Punishment etc.).
82. Nay, but they (the so-called gods) will deny their worship of them, and become opponents to them (on the Day of Resurrection).
83. See you not that We have sent the Shayatin (devils) against the disbelievers to push them to do evil.
84. So make no haste against them; We only count out to them a (limited) number (of the days of the life of this world and delay their term so that they may increase in evil and sins).
85. The Day We shall gather the Muttaqun (pious - see V.2:2) unto the Most Beneficent (Allah), like a delegate (presented before a king for honour).
86. And We shall drive the Mujrimun (polytheists, sinners, criminals, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allah, etc.) to Hell, in a thirsty state (like a thirsty herd driven down to water),
87. None shall have the power of intercession, but such a one as has received permission (or promise) from the Most Beneficent (Allah).
88. And they say: "The Most Beneficent (Allah) has begotten a son ['Iesa (Christ)], and the pagan Arabs say that He has begotten daughters (Angels, etc.)]."
89. Indeed you have brought forth (said) a terrible evil thing.
90. Whereby the heavens are almost torn, and the earth is split asunder, and the mountains fall in ruins,
91. That they ascribe a son (or offspring or children) to the Most Beneficent (Allah).
92. Because, it is not normal for the Most Beneficent (Allah) that He should beget a son.
93. There is none in the heavens and the earth but comes unto the Most Beneficent (Allah) as a slave.
94. Verily, He knows each one of them, and has counted them a full counting.
95. And everyone of them will come to Him alone on the Day of Resurrection.
96. Verily, those who Believe and work deeds of righteousness, the Most Beneficent (Allah) will bestow love for them (in the hearts of the believers).
97. So We have made this easy in your own tongue, only that you may give glad tidings to the Muttaqun (pious and righteous persons - See V.2:2), and warn with it the Ludda (most quarrelsome) people.
98. And how many a generation before them have We destroyed! Can you (O Muhammad ) find a single one of them or hear even a whisper of them?
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The Jewish Bible contains several passages that Christians traditionally interpret as prophecies about Jesus Christ. These prophecies are predictions of the Messiah, whom Christians believe is fulfilled in the person of Jesus. Here are some of the key Prophetic mentions:
Genesis (year 1400 b.C.)
3:15 - The Protoevangelium:
Verse: "And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and hers; he will crush your head, and you will strike his heel."
Interpretation: This is considered the first prophecy of the Messiah, predicting the defeat of Satan by the offspring of a woman.
Genesis
12:3 - Promise to Abraham:
Verse: "I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you."
Interpretation: The promise that through Abraham's offspring (understood as Jesus), all nations would be blessed.
Deuteronomy (750 b.C.)
18:15-19 - A Prophet like Moses:
Verse: "The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among you, from your fellow Israelites. You must listen to him."
Interpretation: Seen as a prophecy of Jesus, who is considered a prophet like Moses.
Isaiah (year 700 b.C.)
7:14 - The Virgin Birth:
Verse: "Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel."
Interpretation: Interpreted as predicting the virgin birth of Jesus.
Isaiah (year 700 b.C.)
9:1-7 - A Child is Born:
Verses: "For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace."
Interpretation: Seen as describing the birth and reign of Jesus.
Isaiah (year 700 b.C.)
53 - The Suffering Servant:
Verses: The entire chapter describes a suffering servant who is wounded for the transgressions of others. Verses such as "But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities" (Isaiah 53:5) are particularly pointed out.
Interpretation: Christians see this as a detailed prophecy of Jesus' crucifixion and the atonement for sins.
Micah (year 800 b.C.)
5:2 - Birth in Bethlehem:
Verse: "But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come for me one who will be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times."
Interpretation: This predicts that the Messiah (Jesus) would be born in Bethlehem.
Psalm (year 1000 b.C.)
22 - The Crucifixion:
Verses: This Psalm contains several elements that Christians interpret as describing the crucifixion of Jesus, such as "They divide my clothes among them and cast lots for my garment" (Psalm 22:18) and "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" (Psalm 22:1).
Interpretation: Seen as a prophetic description of Jesus' suffering on the Cross.
Zechariah (year 500 b.C.)
9:9 - The Triumphal Entry:
Verse: "Rejoice greatly, Daughter Zion! Shout, Daughter Jerusalem! See, your king comes to you, righteous and victorious, lowly and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey."
Interpretation: Christians see this as a prophecy of Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday.
Daniel (year 600 b.C.)
7:13-14 - The Son of Man:
Verses: "In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence. He was given authority, glory and sovereign power; all nations and peoples of every language worshiped him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that will not pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed."
Interpretation: Christians see this as referring to Jesus’ ascension and eternal kingship.
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Evangelium of Saint James. (year 140 a.D.)
The Birth of Mary the Holy Mother (belonging to/ devoted to) God (not God's mother), Very Glorious Mother of Jesus Christ, Son of God.
1. In the records of the twelve tribes of Israel was Joachim, a man rich exceedingly; and he brought his offerings double, saying: There shall be of my superabundance to all the people, and there shall be the offering for my forgiveness to the Lord for a propitiation for me. For the great day of the Lord was at hand, and the sons of Israel were bringing their offerings. And there stood over against him Rubim, saying: It is not meet for you first to bring your offerings, because you have not made seed in Israel. And Joachim was exceedingly grieved, and went away to the registers of the twelve tribes of the people, saying: I shall see the registers of the twelve tribes of Israel, as to whether I alone have not made seed in Israel. And he searched, and found that all the righteous had raised up seed in Israel. And he called to mind the patriarch Abraham, that in the last day God gave him a son Isaac. And Joachim was exceedingly grieved, and did not come into the presence of his wife; but he retired to the desert, and there pitched his tent, and fasted forty days and forty nights, saying in himself: I will not go down either for food or for drink until the Lord my God shall look upon me, and prayer shall be my food and drink.
2. And his wife Anna mourned in two mournings, and lamented in two lamentations, saying: I shall bewail my widowhood; I shall bewail my childlessness. And the great day of the Lord was at hand; and Judith her maid-servant said: How long do you humiliate your soul? Behold, the great day of the Lord is at hand, and it is unlawful for you to mourn. But take this head-band, which the woman that made it gave to me; for it is not proper that I should wear it, because I am a maid-servant, and it has a royal appearance. And Anna said: Depart from me; for I have not done such things, and the Lord has brought me very low. I fear that some wicked person has given it to you, and you have come to make me a sharer in your sin. And Judith said: Why should I curse you, seeing that the Lord has shut your womb, so as not to give you fruit in Israel? And Anna was grieved exceedingly, and put off her garments of mourning, and cleaned her head, and put on her wedding garments, and about the ninth hour went down to the garden to walk. And she saw a laurel, and sat under it, and prayed to the Lord, saying: O God of our fathers, bless me and hear my prayer, as You blessed the womb of Sarah, and gave her a son Isaac.
3. And gazing towards the heaven, she saw a sparrow's nest in the laurel, Tobit 2:10 and made a lamentation in herself, saying: Alas! Who begot me? And what womb produced me? Because I have become a curse in the presence of the sons of Israel, and I have been reproached, and they have driven me in derision out of the temple of the Lord. Alas! To what have I been likened? I am not like the fowls of the heaven, because even the fowls of the heaven are productive before You, O Lord. Alas! To what have I been likened? I am not like the beasts of the earth, because even the beasts of the earth are productive before You, O Lord. Alas! To what have I been likened? I am not like these waters, because even these waters are productive before You, O Lord. Alas! To what have I been likened? I am not like this earth, because even the earth brings forth its fruits in season, and blesses You, O Lord.
4. And, behold, the Angel of the Lord stood by, saying: Anna, Anna, the Lord has heard your prayer, and you shall conceive and shall bring forth; and your seed shall be spoken of in all the world. And Anna said: As the Lord my God lives, if I beget either male or female, I will bring it as a gift to the Lord my God; and it shall minister to Him in holy things all the days of its life. 1 Samuel 1:11 And, behold, two angels came, saying to her: Behold, Joachim your husband is coming with his flocks. For tha Angel of the Lord went down to him, saying: Joachim, Joachim, the Lord God has heard your prayer. Go down hence; for, behold, your wife Anna shall conceive. And Joachim went down and called his shepherds, saying: Bring me hither ten she-lambs without spot or blemish, and they shall be for the Lord my God; and bring me twelve tender calves, and they shall be for the priests and the elders; and a hundred goats for all the people. And, behold, Joachim came with his flocks; and Anna stood by the gate, and saw Joachim coming, and she ran and hung upon his neck, saying: Now I know that the Lord God has blessed me exceedingly; for, behold the widow no longer a widow, and I the childless shall conceive. And Joachim rested the first day in his house.
5. And on the following day he brought his offerings, saying in himself: If the Lord God has been rendered gracious to me, the plate on the priest's forehead will make it manifest to me. And Joachim brought his offerings, and observed attentively the priest's plate when he went up to the altar of the Lord, and he saw no sin in himself. And Joachim said: Now I know that the Lord has been gracious unto me, and has remitted all my sins. And he went down from the temple of the Lord justified, and departed to his own house. And her months were fulfilled, and in the ninth month Anna brought forth. And she said to the midwife: What have I brought forth? And she said: A girl. And said Anna: My soul has been magnified this day. And she laid her down. And the days having been fulfilled, Anna was purified, and gave the breast to the child, and called her name Mary.
6. And the child grew strong day by day; and when she was six months old, her mother set her on the ground to try whether she could stand, and she walked seven steps and came into her bosom; and she snatched her up, saying: As the Lord my God lives, you shall not walk on this earth until I bring you into the temple of the Lord. And she made a sanctuary in her bed-chamber, and allowed nothing common or unclean to pass through her. And she called the undefiled daughters of the Hebrews, and they led her astray. And when she was a year old, Joachim made a great feast, and invited the priests, and the scribes, and the elders, and all the people of Israel. And Joachim brought the child to the priests; and they blessed her, saying: O God of our fathers, bless this child, and give her an everlasting name to be named in all generations. And all the people said: So be it, so be it, amen. And he brought her to the chief priests; and they blessed her, saying: O God most high, look upon this child, and bless her with the utmost blessing, which shall be forever. And her mother snatched her up, and took her into the sanctuary of her bed-chamber, and gave her the breast. And Anna made a song to the Lord God, saying: I will sing a song to the Lord my God, for He has looked upon me, and has taken away the reproach of mine enemies; and the Lord has given the fruit of His righteousness, singular in its kind, and richly endowed before Him. Who will tell the sons of Rubim that Anna gives suck? Hear, hear, you twelve tribes of Israel, that Anna gives suck. And she laid her to rest in the bed-chamber of her sanctuary, and went out and ministered unto them. And when the supper was ended, they went down rejoicing, and glorifying the God of Israel.
7. And her months were added to the child. And the child was two years old, and Joachim said: Let us take her up to the temple of the Lord, that we may pay the vow that we have vowed, lest perchance the Lord send to us, and our offering be not received. And Anna said: Let us wait for the third year, in order that the child may not seek for father or mother. And Joachim said: So let us wait. And the child was three years old, and Joachim said: Invite the daughters of the Hebrews that are undefiled, and let them take each a lamp, and let them stand with the lamps burning, that the child may not turn back, and her heart be captivated from the temple of the Lord. And they did so until they went up into the temple of the Lord. And the priest received her, and kissed her, and blessed her, saying: The Lord has magnified your name in all generations. In you, on the last of the days, the Lord will manifest His redemption to the sons of Israel. And he set her down upon the third step of the altar, and the Lord God sent grace upon her; and she danced with her feet, and all the house of Israel loved her.
8. And her parents went down marvelling, and praising the Lord God, because the child had not turned back. And Mary was in the temple of the Lord as if she were a dove that dwelt there, and she received food from the hand of an angel. And when she was twelve years old there was held a council of the priests, saying: Behold, Mary has reached the age of twelve years in the temple of the Lord. What then shall we do with her, lest perchance she defile the sanctuary of the Lord? And they said to the high priest: You stand by the altar of the Lord; go in, and pray concerning her; and whatever the Lord shall manifest unto you, that also will we do. And the high priest went in, taking the robe with the twelve bells into the holy of holies; and he prayed concerning her. And behold an angel of the Lord stood by him, saying unto him: Zacharias, Zacharias, go out and assemble the widowers of the people, and let them bring each his rod; and to whomsoever the Lord shall show a sign, his wife shall she be. And the heralds went out through all the circuit of Judæa, and the trumpet of the Lord sounded, and all ran.
9. And Joseph, throwing away his axe, went out to meet them; and when they had assembled, they went away to the high priest, taking with them their rods. And he, taking the rods of all of them, entered into the temple, and prayed; and having ended his prayer, he took the rods and came out, and gave them to them: but there was no sign in them, and Joseph took his rod last; and, behold, a dove came out of the rod, and flew upon Joseph's head. And the priest said to Joseph, You have been chosen by lot to take into your keeping the Virgin of the Lord. But Joseph refused, saying: I have children, and I am an old man, and she is a young girl. I am afraid lest I become a laughing-stock to the sons of Israel. And the priest said to Joseph: Fear the Lord your God, and remember what the Lord did to Dathan, and Abiram, and Korah; Numbers 16:31-33 how the earth opened, and they were swallowed up on account of their contradiction. And now fear, O Joseph, lest the same things happen in your house. And Joseph was afraid, and took her into his keeping. And Joseph said to Mary: Behold, I have received you from the temple of the Lord; and now I leave you in my house, and go away to build my buildings, and I shall come to you. The Lord will protect you.
10. And there was a council of the priests, saying: Let us make a veil for the temple of the Lord. And the priest said: Call to me the undefiled virgins of the family of David. And the officers went away, and sought, and found seven virgins. And the priest remembered the child Mary, that she was of the family of David, and undefiled before God. And the officers went away and brought her. And they brought them into the temple of the Lord. And the priest said: Choose for me by lot who shall spin the gold, and the white, and the fine linen, and the silk, and the blue, and the scarlet, and the true purple. Exodus 25:4 And the true purple and the scarlet fell to the lot of Mary, and she took them, and went away to her house. And at that time Zacharias was dumb, and Samuel was in his place until the time that Zacharias spoke. And Mary took the scarlet, and span it.
11. And she took the pitcher, and went out to fill it with water. And, behold, a voice saying: Hail, you who hast received grace; the Lord is with you; blessed are you among women! Luke 1:28 And she looked round, on the right hand and on the left, to see whence this voice came. And she went away, trembling, to her house, and put down the pitcher; and taking the purple, she sat down on her seat, and drew it out. And, behold, an angel of the Lord stood before her, saying: Fear not, Mary; for you have found grace before the Lord of all, and you shall conceive, according to His word. And she hearing, reasoned with herself, saying: Shall I conceive by the Lord, the living God? And shall I bring forth as every woman brings forth? And the angel of the Lord said: Not so, Mary; for the power of the Lord shall overshadow you: wherefore also that holy thing which shall be born of you shall be called the Son of the Most High. And you shall call His name Jesus, for He shall save His people from their sins. And Mary said: Behold, the servant of the Lord before His face: let it be unto me according to your word.
12. And she made the purple and the scarlet, and took them to the priest. And the priest blessed her, and said: Mary, the Lord God has magnified your name, and you shall be blessed in all the generations of the earth. And Mary, with great joy, went away to Elizabeth her kinswoman, Luke 1:39-40 and knocked at the door. And when Elizabeth heard her, she threw away the scarlet, and ran to the door, and opened it; and seeing Mary, she blessed her, and said: Whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? For, behold, that which is in me leaped and blessed you. Luke 1:34, 44 But Mary had forgotten the mysteries of which the archangel Gabriel had spoken, and gazed up into heaven, and said: Who am I, O Lord, that all the generations of the earth should bless me? Luke 1:48 And she remained three months with Elizabeth; and day by day she grew bigger. And Mary being afraid, went away to her own house, and hid herself from the sons of Israel. And she was sixteen years old when these mysteries happened.
13. And she was in her sixth month; and, behold, Joseph came back from his building, and, entering into his house, he discovered that she was big with child. And he smote his face, and threw himself on the ground upon the sackcloth, and wept bitterly, saying: With what face shall I look upon the Lord my God? And what prayer shall I make about this maiden? Because I received her a virgin out of the temple of the Lord, and I have not watched over her. Who is it that has hunted me down? Who has done this evil thing in my house, and defiled the virgin? Has not the history of Adam been repeated in me? For just as Adam was in the hour of his singing praise, and the serpent came, and found Eve alone, and completely deceived her, so it has happened to me also. And Joseph stood up from the sackcloth, and called Mary, and said to her: O you who hast been cared for by God, why have you done this and forgotten the Lord your God? Why have you brought low your soul, you that wast brought up in the holy of holies, and that received food from the hand of an angel? And she wept bitterly, saying: I am innocent, and have known no man. And Joseph said to her: Whence then is that which is in your womb? And she said: As the Lord my God lives, I do not know whence it is to me.
14. And Joseph was greatly afraid, and retired from her, and considered what he should do in regard to her. Matthew 1:19 And Joseph said: If I conceal her sin, I find myself fighting against the law of the Lord; and if I expose her to the sons of Israel, I am afraid lest that which is in her be from an angel, and I shall be found giving up innocent blood to the doom of death. What then shall I do with her? I will put her away from me secretly. And night came upon him; and, behold, an angel of the Lord appears to him in a dream, saying: Be not afraid for this maiden, for that which is in her is of the Holy Spirit; and she will bring forth a Son, and you shall call His name Jesus, for He will save His people from their sins. Matthew 1:20 And Joseph arose from sleep, and glorified the God of Israel, who had given him this grace; and he kept her.
15. And Annas the scribe came to him, and said: Why have you not appeared in our assembly? And Joseph said to him: Because I was weary from my journey, and rested the first day. And he turned, and saw that Mary was with child. And he ran away to the priest, and said to him: Joseph, whom you vouched for, has committed a grievous crime. And the priest said: How so? And he said: He has defiled the virgin whom he received out of the temple of the Lord, and has married her by stealth, and has not revealed it to the sons of Israel. And the priest answering, said: Has Joseph done this? Then said Annas the scribe: Send officers, and you will find the virgin with child. And the officers went away, and found it as he had said; and they brought her along with Joseph to the tribunal. And the priest said: Mary, why have you done this? And why have you brought your soul low, and forgotten the Lord your God? You that wast reared in the holy of holies, and that received food from the hand of an angel, and heard the hymns, and danced before Him, why have you done this? And she wept bitterly, saying: As the Lord my God lives, I am pure before Him, and know not a man. And the priest said to Joseph: Why have you done this? And Joseph said: As the Lord lives, I am pure concerning her. Then said the priest: Bear not false witness, but speak the truth. You have married her by stealth, and hast not revealed it to the sons of Israel, and hast not bowed your head under the strong hand, that your seed might be blessed. And Joseph was silent.
16. And the priest said: Give up the virgin whom you received out of the temple of the Lord. And Joseph burst into tears. And the priest said: I will give you to drink of the water of the ordeal of the Lord, and He shall make manifest your sins in your eyes. And the priest took the water, and gave Joseph to drink and sent him away to the hill-country; and he returned unhurt. And he gave to Mary also to drink, and sent her away to the hill-country; and she returned unhurt. And all the people wondered that sin did not appear in them. And the priest said: If the Lord God has not made manifest your sins, neither do I judge you. And he sent them away. And Joseph took Mary, and went away to his own house, rejoicing and glorifying the God of Israel.
17. And there was an order from the Emperor Augustus, that all in Bethlehem of Judæa should be enrolled. Luke 2:1 And Joseph said: I shall enrol my sons, but what shall I do with this maiden? How shall I enrol her? As my wife? I am ashamed. As my daughter then? But all the sons of Israel know that she is not my daughter. The day of the Lord shall itself bring it to pass as the Lord will. And he saddled the ass, and set her upon it; and his son led it, and Joseph followed. And when they had come within three miles, Joseph turned and saw her sorrowful; and he said to himself: Likely that which is in her distresses her. And again Joseph turned and saw her laughing. And he said to her: Mary, how is it that I see in your face at one time laughter, at another sorrow? And Mary said to Joseph: Because I see two peoples with my eyes; the one weeping and lamenting, and the other rejoicing and exulting. And they came into the middle of the road, and Mary said to him: Take me down from off the ass, for that which is in me presses to come forth. And he took her down from off the ass, and said to her: Whither shall I lead you, and cover your disgrace? For the place is desert.
18. And he found a cave there, and led her into it; and leaving his two sons beside her, he went out to seek a midwife in the district of Bethlehem.
And I Joseph was walking, and was not walking; and I looked up into the sky, and saw the sky astonished; and I looked up to the pole of the heavens, and saw it standing, and the birds of the air keeping still. And I looked down upon the earth, and saw a trough lying, and work-people reclining: and their hands were in the trough. And those that were eating did not eat, and those that were rising did not carry it up, and those that were conveying anything to their mouths did not convey it; but the faces of all were looking upwards. And I saw the sheep walking, and the sheep stood still; and the shepherd raised his hand to strike them, and his hand remained up. And I looked upon the current of the river, and I saw the mouths of the kids resting on the water and not drinking, and all things in a moment were driven from their course.
19. And I saw a woman coming down from the hill-country, and she said to me: O man, whither are you going? And I said: I am seeking an Hebrew midwife. And she answered and said to me: Are you of Israel? And I said to her: Yes. And she said: And who is it that is bringing forth in the cave? And I said: A woman betrothed to me. And she said to me: Is she not your wife? And I said to her: It is Mary that was reared in the temple of the Lord, and I obtained her by lot as my wife. And yet she is not my wife, but has conceived of the Holy Spirit.
And the midwife said to him: Is this true? And Joseph said to her: Come and see. And the midwife went away with him. And they stood in the place of the cave, and behold a luminous cloud overshadowed the cave. And the midwife said: My soul has been magnified this day, because my eyes have seen strange things — because salvation has been brought forth to Israel. And immediately the cloud disappeared out of the cave, and a great light shone in the cave, so that the eyes could not bear it. And in a little that light gradually decreased, until the infant appeared, and went and took the breast from His mother Mary. And the midwife cried out, and said: This is a great day to me, because I have seen this strange sight. And the midwife went forth out of the cave, and Salome met her. And she said to her: Salome, Salome, I have a strange sight to relate to you: a virgin has brought forth — a thing which her nature admits not of. Then said Salome: As the Lord my God lives, unless I thrust in my finger, and search the parts, I will not believe that a virgin has brought forth.
20. And the midwife went in, and said to Mary: Show yourself; for no small controversy has arisen about you. And Salome put in her finger, and cried out, and said: Woe is me for mine iniquity and mine unbelief, because I have tempted the living God; and, behold, my hand is dropping off as if burned with fire. And she bent her knees before the Lord, saying: O God of my fathers, remember that I am the seed of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob; do not make a show of me to the sons of Israel, but restore me to the poor; for You know, O Lord, that in Your name I have performed my services, and that I have received my reward at Your hand. And, behold, an angel of the Lord stood by her, saying to her: Salome, Salome, the Lord has heard you. Put your hand to the infant, and carry it, and you will have safety and joy. And Salome went and carried it, saying: I will worship Him, because a great King has been born to Israel. And, behold, Salome was immediately cured, and she went forth out of the cave justified. And behold a voice saying: Salome, Salome, tell not the strange things you have seen, until the child has come into Jerusalem.
21. And, behold, Joseph was ready to go into Judæa. And there was a great commotion in Bethlehem of Judæa, for Magi came, saying: Where is he that is born king of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the east, and have come to worship him. And when Herod heard, he was much disturbed, and sent officers to the Magi. And he sent for the priests, and examined them, saying: How is it written about the Christ? Where is He to be born? And they said: In Bethlehem of Judæa, for so it is written. And he sent them away. And he examined the Magi, saying to them: What sign have you seen in reference to the king that has been born? And the Magi said: We have seen a star of great size shining among these stars, and obscuring their light, so that the stars did not appear; and we thus knew that a king has been born to Israel, and we have come to worship him. And Herod said: Go and seek him; and if you find him, let me know, in order that I also may go and worship him. And the Magi went out. And, behold, the star which they had seen in the east went before them until they came to the cave, and it stood over the top of the cave. And the Magi saw the infant with His mother Mary; and they brought forth from their bag gold, and frankincense, and myrrh. And having been warned by the angel not to go into Judæa, they went into their own country by another road.
22. And when Herod knew that he had been mocked by the Magi, in a rage he sent murderers, saying to them: Slay the children from two years old and under. And Mary, having heard that the children were being killed, was afraid, and took the infant and swaddled Him, and put Him into an ox-stall. And Elizabeth, having heard that they were searching for John, took him and went up into the hill-country, and kept looking where to conceal him. And there was no place of concealment. And Elizabeth, groaning with a loud voice, says: O mountain of God, receive mother and child. And immediately the mountain was cleft, and received her. And a light shone about them, for an angel of the Lord was with them, watching over them.
23. And Herod searched for John, and sent officers to Zacharias, saying: Where have you hid your son? And he, answering, said to them: I am the servant of God in holy things, and I sit constantly in the temple of the Lord: I do not know where my son is. And the officers went away, and reported all these things to Herod. And Herod was enraged, and said: His son is destined to be king over Israel. And he sent to him again, saying: Tell the truth; where is your son? For you know that your life is in my hand. And Zacharias said: I am God's martyr, if you shed my blood; for the Lord will receive my spirit, because you shed innocent blood at the vestibule of the temple of the Lord. And Zacharias was murdered about daybreak. And the sons of Israel did not know that he had been murdered.
24. But at the hour of the salutation the priests went away, and Zacharias did not come forth to meet them with a blessing, according to his custom. And the priests stood waiting for Zacharias to salute him at the prayer, and to glorify the Most High. And he still delaying, they were all afraid. But one of them ventured to go in, and he saw clotted blood beside the altar; and he heard a voice saying: Zacharias has been murdered, and his blood shall not be wiped up until his avenger come. And hearing this saying, he was afraid, and went out and told it to the priests. And they ventured in, and saw what had happened; and the fretwork of the temple made a wailing noise, and they rent their clothes from the top even to the bottom. And they found not his body, but they found his blood turned into stone. And they were afraid, and went out and reported to the people that Zacharias had been murdered. And all the tribes of the people heard, and mourned, and lamented for him three days and three nights. And after the three days, the priests consulted as to whom they should put in his place; and the lot fell upon Simeon. For it was he who had been warned by the Holy Spirit that he should not see death until he should see the Christ in the flesh.
And I James that wrote this history in Jerusalem, a commotion having arisen when Herod died, withdrew myself to the wilderness until the commotion in Jerusalem ceased, glorifying the Lord God, who had given me the gift and the wisdom to write this history. And grace shall be with them that fear our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be glory to ages of ages. Amen.
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