Long, convenient, and beautiful stories on Liberty

Ideas for anyone free

Edited by Civil Assoc. Foundation LEA

Luís Elguezabal Aristizabal

I start a new journey without finishing other paths of my past,

it came suddenly to brain and soul; aware of the lack of experience, now is a goal: Freedom, Liberty, Life, Happiness, naturally, should pass...

'It is a good thing for an uneducated person to read books of quotations'

Winston Churchill

'¿Hay algo más allá de la Palabra?'

Rafael Arráiz Lucca

'No word was given more meanings and so variously affected humans than Freedom'

Montesquieu

Index

i.Preface

ii.Prologue

iii.Introduction

iv.Methodology

Chapter I. Counting the 'Liberty' word on religious books using digital tools.

Chapter II. Investigating traces and evidence, metadata analysis for the word-concept of liberty, giving the output of the semantic interpretation of the word liberty in different languages from at least one representing each of the major linguistic families of global languages-cultures.

Chapter III. Philosophical approaches (overview) and thought on Liberty: Selected Libertarian's ideology based on quotes and paraphrasing its ideas in our own words. Minibiographies for another understanding of Liberty from ‘our Libertarian Tree’: Aristotle, Saint Thomas Aquinus, Hume, Locke, Adams, Bastiat, Menger, Mises, Hayek, Friedman, Sowell, among dozens more, plus added historical characters, always looking for Liberty concepts and treatments (Erasmus, Al Farabi, Lao Tse, e.g., and dozens more). Pag. 17.

Chapter IV. Investigation: i) Compared educational programs study between Liberal Studies Masters Degrees, Economy Degrees at Universities and, Scottish Liberalism teaching at Highschool, a global random survey. ii) Students Survey at Campuses on knowledge of names linked to Liberalism and Libertarianism (UNAV/UPNA/EHU/Bordeaux). iii) presence/absence of libertarian bibliography at universities(UNAV/UPNA/EHU/Bordeaux).

Chapter V. A review, a reflection and a discussion: on Liberty and Economics, Economy and Ecology, Economic Independence and mental failure in Homo sapiens, Ecological Resources and Specimen Reproductive success in vertebrates, self abandon behavior on mammals when hunger.

Epilogue, but not the End!. A personal statement (suggestion/proposal) and a global call to change the fate of the old reign of iliberals. It is time for Liberators, the natural evolution of classical liberals and modern libertarians!

Annexes: i) US taxes, incidence of gun violence and other family rulings? ii) Frelance rates in Europe, compared, iii) Foral Regime, applicable to the world? Benefits of the super federation?, iv) Dopamine, biochemical currency and subjectivism and individual in praxeology and catalaxia?

Preface

The sole aim, task

'….to generate the curiosity of self learning on Liberty issues in everyone reading this small grain of myself, to pursue their own and their sacred family's freedom and liberty through entrepreneurship in order to depend less on state apparatus and to spread with our own example and will, the strong message to all human beings. Liberators, this is, Liberals-Libertarians, must conquer our own lives and minds ourselves and not to try to 'change' the actual fate within the state, trying to overtake the same state that we want small to try to impose our views to anyone, if some families want to apply socialism in any of its hundreds of variants in their own farms at owned lands, good, let them be! We are convinced that the unique package of knowledge one can apply in oneself is Liberty Defenders 'ideology-philosophy'. This latter could be the ultimate or sole contribution to new developments on Liberty Thought of this informal piece of paper (or bytes). Do not get me wrong: anytime the battles to defend Liberty permits in 'their' Arena of state/government elections, we must always vote for the less socialists or the more libertarian between the options! At the same time we continue to add more souls, believers, citizens, free sisters & brothers of the 7 oceans to the Liberty Defenders Team, the Liberators! Own properties, invest, as individuals, as family, as friends or partners, to produce goods and services for all, be the local benefactor, compete well, improve, be free and happy, laissez-faire the invisible hand of the spontaneous (natural) order to act, in the name of God, our Human Nature, the Natural Liberty!’

We see almost all greatest thinkers-writers on Liberty like classic liberals, libertarians, anarchocapitalists from all imaginable possibilities of its chosen branches: Misesians, Hayeksians, Rothbardians, Randians, etc., during the 20th & 21th centuries, we see, regard, that many if not all always propose "their" own view, subjective perception on Society and states, how these two abstract entities should be, etc.

This is not our aim with this text.

We would just try to put in perspective, as far and Deep we can, the timeline and Evolution of Liberty ideas and how positive are these for growth, progress of families and individuals, then the Society in which they interact.

Every author/soul on the Liberty Tree has an unique vision.

A great diversity we are going to profit on, to spread It all over the inhabited Lands of Planet Earth to promote entrepreneurial families , free , independent, liberated.

Prologue

The Verb, the words, the language, the abstract concepts of knowledge is a unique feature of Homo sapiens, compared to other living or extant, or extinct primates. In fact, the human larynx is in a lower position in the vocal tract than in other primates, which is related to the resonance cavity in the upper vocal tract for the production of vowels, and only humans among primates have direct cortical control over laryngeal musculature, which may have co-evolved together with the descent of the larynx in our ancestors. Also, our species is the best performer primate using hands as tool makers, as gestual communicators, as speech accessory, as body language aid.

These three anatomophysiological differences make humans the only animal creating words, phrases, concepts, ideas, thought, reflection, creativity, culture, education, Faith.

Thus, we are both animal and human. We have several other features to link our being with Nature, Creatures, with Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Cytology or Ethology, e.g. My crazy idea on the first random appearance of this vocal features in some old primates hominids from the genus Homo spp, is linked to the Biblical couple of Adam and Eve. Maybe they were the first 2 specimens born with this miraculous vocal tract and brain, and still the only one biological species on Earth with this evolutionary trait, maybe a breaking point positive mutation. Later arose more individuals with these features in Eden, Africa, and language, oral communication, traditions, customs, morality, culture, and history began. Certainly, this vocal capacity gave humans the supremacy of better communication to gain control of the ecosystems, biotopes and biomes they were earning little by little only walking from East Africa to southern Africa, and northwards through the once green and watered Sahara towards a land bridge at Gibraltar to reach Europe, and through the Rift to get today's Egypt, Israel, Mesopotamia, East Asia, and from here reaching Australia and later Bering and the Americas.

As I am a biologist, ecologist, with 2 Masters degrees and 1 doctorate, and the more and more I study biology I wonder more and more on the perfection of cells, life, the biosphere, I used to say to my dear students: ' the more I study science the more I Believe in God's Creation of Creatures and Nature and the Universe. So, I am a believer, but also a little sinner, and I have not yet achieved a direct communication with God to ask Him all my questions about life, love, happiness, peace, dignity, liberty, and other very human values-words.

Being this only my opinion, that you ought to doubt it from the start, you are going to give me a chance to develop my principal aim in this almost free ebook: my intention is to share to the new generations the tools to understand and to get more information on Liberty, the supreme value of our Lives to reach an almost close Eden's happiness.

Introduction

Is funny to discover the Libertarian thinkers and promoters during a historic global lockdown. Even if I have always considered myself as a Freedom and Liberty lover, since childhood and teenage, but maybe in the sense of Liberation of nations like Bolivar achieved with his friends Sucre and O'Leary and dozens more sharing that passion against the oppression of Spanish rulers and laws. I profit from getting out every day of the quarantine of 2020 around my new town, Uharte, in Navarra, to walk the dog of my children, called Puppy. So, I bring my cell phone and listen to YouTube contents on a list of philosophers and moral and economics leaders: Friendman, Hayek, Adams, Bastiat, Locke, Hume, and all the linked influences top-down and bottom-up! All this could be verified if you analyze the cookies registry of my mobile device! How I decided to listen, to know, to learn more about these guys? Well, I have the custom of listening to good old Venezuelan TV shows online like Uslar Pietri or Carlos Rangel with Sofía Ímber, the first with a great art and history educative weekly program called Valores Humanos, 'Human Values', from 1953 to 1987, and the second with an interesting morning show of interviews to politicians, writers and artists called Buenos Días, 'Good Morning', from, 1969 to 1988. As you see I have a rare taste to be a young man, a millennial? born in 1977. I used to watch these 2 programs in The '80s, and later with the Internet, I browse many programs on politics, economics, and history. I liked the ideas of Uslar Pietri, one of the wisest minds of the XX century world wide with no doubt, and I was surprised by Carlos Rangel's intelligence, speech, and how he defends liberty and previewed the catastrophe of socialism in Venezuela 30 years earlier. These two citizens warned all of us in my country, to get a smaller state, to get more economic liberty, to depend less on oil, etc. Through these guys, I reached to listen to modern Venezuelans like Ricardo Hausmann (an ambiguous pro Democrat Party?), a future Nobel Prize in Economics, and by this time the famous 'cookies' of my traces during my online browsing on information started to pop up on my screen with similarities like Martin Krause, Axel Kaiser, Javier Milei or Gloria Alvarez, all great defenders of Libertarianism and Freedom, but in different degrees of efficiency to get new partners of Defenders for the Rights of Liberty, Life, and Happiness. Because every person has a different personality, these latter Latin-American Libertarian leaders, at academic and political networks, they defend so passionately the truth of Liberty and all concepts of free markets, the price law and subjective value, the spontaneous order, the invisible hand of the market, 'laissez-faire', etc., that often they fall into sectarianism and make it harder to convince new Defenders from the socialism supporters (socialist people without understanding it).

Don't get me wrong, I enjoy and learn a lot with their YouTube performances, but overall Milei and Alvarez should shut down the noise and screams, and focus on their supreme intelligence. Krause and Kaiser, they are more educative, and Hausmann is a great professor. So, I looked out for Biographies and documentaries on Hayek, Mises, Menger, Bastiat, Jefferson, Locke, Hume, Saint Thomas Aquinus, Saint Agustin, and the 3 Greeks All-Star, Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle. Also, I included many more names to my list, you will see it in chapter 3, not only in the Libertarian Tree we are trying to built, but also other important historical characters like, Confucius, Erasmus, Avicenna, Calvin, Servet, Al Farabi, Averroes, Maimonides, e.g.

Also, we will include the knowledge from today’s Libertarians like Bastos, Zanotti, Di Lorenzo, Scalia, Napolitano, Rodriguez-Braun, Benegas-Lynch, and even we will be in touch with the dilemma between Erasmus and Luther on free-will (Determinism vs Libertarianism?).

I think I was pro Liberty since I was a child, teenager and young person. In one of my firsts blogs (2010) inttled https://virtuous-earth.blogspot.com/ I just proposed ‘a tiny state’ or liberty to become an entrepreneur. Long before of my rediscoveries and being aware (2020) that I like Hayek, Mises, Friedman or Rothbard ideas, as I mentioned in the first paragraph of this Introduction, I have proposed in another blog https://eh-de-elguezabal.blogspot.com (2019) some ideas that today I realize that coincides very much with some ideas of Murray Rothbard, like giving more autonomy for regions in a given state, for example, tha I will be explaining in the last chapter.

Methodology

My main objective is to try to produce a big visual frame synthesizing all rational data and empiric evidence, logical interpretation, to generate a Canvas Infographic on Liberty for Happier Lives (Let’s see if I finally dare…). For this simple aim, I have set a diverse and heterodox strategy to study the Concept of Liberty, I have decided, subjectively, in my own words and opinions, to call it ‘Spontaneous Method’, where I will use i) free available contents in the Internet (YouTube, Google), ii) profiting all information available (potential population or pool of data) for any subject (Liberty, e.g.) and character (Averroes or Hayek, e.g.) and gathering all that in a mental pool, then selecting (a survey, sampling) the concepts, phrases, ideas, words that I consider -in my subjective construction- as key components of my approach under construction, iii) with these pieces and fragments of thought I will be applying random screening and separation methods, as in a chemistry lab splitting liquids into different density phases, different liquids, different dissolved and particulate solutes, and different dissolved gases: decantation, distillation, filtration, centrifugation, until obtaining a selection of ideas capable of being usable (by my own reasoning) in new phrases, thoughts to cope with our idea and natural inspiration thinking on Liberty from my personal views.

I am not a theologist but a Believer; I am not an anthropologist but a biologist; I am not a linguistic but an amateur philologist; I am not a ‘productive’ scientist but a humble science trained student and a former university professor...

I. Counting the 'Liberty' word in religious books using digital tools.

I took David Robert Palmer's original translations of both Old and New Testaments. I saved into my computer as a Word document 2003, and then I performed the counting tool in the Edit button. I searched for the word 'Liberty', and it surprised me the few encountered: 23 times in the whole Bible. Old plus New, in 1159 pages.

The entry 'Freedom' has only 5 appearances (?), and this is scaring me! I am going to look out for 'free will': 1 time!; 'Liberation': 0 results!; 'Liberate': 5 times; 'Liberator'; 0 results. I also present data for other sacred holy texts but in an anonymous manner, without pointing which have more or less mentions for the word-objectives we are looking for. We just runned the same Microsoft Word tool of looking and counting each of the words of interest in these sacred holy texts: Avesta of Mazdaism (351 p), Quran of Islam (604 p), Vedas of Hindusim (1235 p), Analects of Confucianism (256 p), Sutras of Budhism (385 p), Talmud (3228 p) and Torah (179 p) of Judaism, Tao Te Ching of Taoism (127 p) or Kojiki of Shintoism (59 p).

Words/

Texts

Tot.

Ave.

Stand.

Dev.

Liberty

5,3

9,18

Freedom

9,3

20,17

Free will

0,8

1,48

Liberation

3,1

7,03

Liberate

6,9

11,64

Liberator

0,1

0,32

Total

255

25,5

35,01

Average

9,71

0,86

1,14

21,71

7,14

28,29

0,57

3,43

72,86

7,29

12,12

Standard Deviation

8,8

1,22

1,21

25,7

4,67

13,92

0,52

4,9

35,8

3,58

7,28

This little exercise is only to know whether the ‘how many times’ the Liberty related words appear in order to try to construct my false hypothesis of this ‘semantic density’ (concentration of [Liberty] per book). I just will tell you that the monotheistic Abrahamic religions’ books are not in the top 3 among the selected sacred texts!

So I was wrong, and, being truth that Libertarian ideas grow up in the Super Christian Europe during a long period of Enlightenment, this fact (the Christian philosophy impregnating main -if not all- minds and souls, thinking and writing on Liberty) still true, but this is without any doubt, not related to the number of times the word Liberty appears in our Books!

You can repeat this survey at your campus and go deeper on this subject of analysis, always respecting all Beliefs and Faiths, remember that dear sisters and brothers.

II. Investigating traces and evidence, metadata analysis for the word-concept of 'Liberty', giving the output of the semantic interpretation of the word 'Liberty' in different languages from at least one representing each of the major linguistic families of global languages-cultures

In archaeology, the 'par excellence' scientific discipline of 'things' as elegantly described by González-Ruibal (2008) there is a link to psychology within its branch of cognitive-processual archeology that leads to the development and evolution of human thought based on materials, tangible objects or 'things' traced back like: identity, personhood and self, human and social agency, emotion, perception of the environment, memory, distributed cognition, enculturation, and, of course, the idea of liberty as described by Schmidtz & Brennan (2010) in the chapter 'A Prehistory of Liberty: Forty Thousand Years Ago' of their book 'A Brief History of Liberty'.

In a deep review of different anthropologists deductions written by Berman (2000) the reader can understand that from the Paleolithic stages of human evolution there were distinctive social patterns around the ancient world: equal liberty among individuals and also slight social hierarchies in hunters, gatherers, nomadic cultures.

Since that time, before agriculture innovations, and with more work differentiation among individuals, the sense of liberty of every component of developing-towards-sedentary societies could be a key pattern for those cultures advancing from prehistory towards history, creating complex thought, concepts, art, technologies, with languages evolving, splitting, drifting, and of course with the cultural exchanges of words and concepts through the linguistic loans and influences between neighbour peoples, or during historical migrations and conquers.

One of the common concepts among human cultures, out of thousands of possible words, it is for sure the concept of 'Liberty', present in all cultures (after Beatriz Bermúdez Röthe -pers. Comm.-, an anthropologist with vast experience in Americas native nations): urbanized or isolated, West or East, North or South, in native or modern mixed societies .

But even if anyone can guess that there will be as different meanings for the word 'Liberty' as the number of languages (extant or extinct) in the world, Haspelmath Martin (2010) from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, resumes it: 'Meanings are often similar across languages, but rarely match perfectly.'

Liebniz (1646-1716) also proposed the 'characteristica universalis' in an 'alphabet of human thought' meaning that all languages in the planet have common concepts (for example 'Liberty'); the german Liebniz took from the french Descartes (1596-1650) the 'methods' to analyze the logic of language, and also regarded, amazed, the coincidences with the catalan sage Ramon Llull (1232-1316) even 4 centuries before Leibniz: Llull had written before Leibniz about that human reason is the fact of combining primitive concepts. visualizing a conceptual alphabet as the basic structure of the universe of knowledge and thought. Thus, the conceptual atomism, is the theory that sustains the current concepts in any language are composed and constructed from a small number of primitives ideas.

In the language I am writing now, English, the word 'Liberty' derives from the Middle English Liberte, coming from the Middle French Liberté, and this from the Latin Lībertās, equivalent to līber-free + tās-ty.

Although, anyone could trace the sense or meaning for any word in any language, it is true that there is not a world wide research effort to obtain information for Liberty semantics in all extant and extinct languages known of humankind: it would be a titanic work to do so. We could analyze the words by 2 techniques, i) the etymology (linguistic roots and evolution of the word), and ii) the study of the common social use of the word.

We present now a short survey based on major linguistic families around the planet: The six largest language families by language count are Niger-Congo (1526 languages/550 Millions persons), Austronesian (1227/ 326), Trans-New Guinea (477/ 4), Sino-Tibetan (455/ 1400), Indo-European (444/3260), and Afro-Asiatic (366/ 499). Each of these families has at least 5% of the world's languages, and together account for two-thirds of all languages. The other 9 families (there are 15 in total) gather 2622 languages for 1040 Million people around our planet.

Let's find some meanings or equivalents for 'Liberty'.

Investigating traces and evidence of the word-concept of "liberty" across different languages and cultures can provide valuable insights into how this concept is understood and expressed worldwide. While it is challenging to cover every language within each major linguistic family, I can provide you with interpretations of the word "liberty" from representative languages belonging to major language families. Here are some examples:

Indo-European Language Family:

English: Liberty

Spanish: Libertad

French: Liberté

German: Freiheit

Russian: Свобода (Svoboda)

Hindi: स्वतंत्रता (Swatantrata)

Sino-Tibetan Language Family:

Mandarin Chinese: 自由 (Zìyóu)

Afro-Asiatic Language Family:

Arabic: حرية (Hurriya)

Niger-Congo Language Family:

Swahili: Uhuru

Austronesian Language Family:

Malay: Kebebasan

Dravidian Language Family:

Tamil: சுதந்திரம் (Suthandiram)

Turkic Language Family:

Turkish: Özgürlük

Uralic Language Family:

Finnish: Vapaus

Austroasiatic Language Family:

Khmer: សេរីភាព (Seripheap)

Japonic Language Family:

Japanese: 自由 (Jiyū)

For Indo-european linguistic family we have chosen the English and French languages.

After the English Language Cambridge Dictionary online the word 'Liberty' is: the freedom to live, work, and travel as you want to.

Also, the word 'Liberal' arose this meaning in the same source: accepting beliefs and behaviour that are new or different from your own.

In French language, we used the Larousse online Dictionary for the word 'Liberté', with many definitions, we use here the first one appeared: State of someone who is not subject to a master.

The word 'Libéral' has 3 main meanings: i) a freelance professional; ii) someone who is favorable to individual liberties; iii) opposite to Napoleon Bonaparte or Republican.

In the indigenous proto-european and Non Indo-european language, Basque, the language of half of my ancestors, and using the online Dictionary at Euskadi.eus, the word 'Askatasuna' for Liberty has the following meaning for Basque people: freedom of expression, assembly, religious, teaching, thinking. ‘Malheureusement’ this sacred word was kidnapped by leftist terrorists, and now if you dare to say or cry out this word in public, you probably will be related with basque marxist ETA terrorists...

Niger-Congo linguistic family: Swahili and Yoruba languages.

Using the web https://africanlanguages.com/swahili/ and introducing the entry 'liberty' there are 2 results very similar in phonetics: 1. Uhuru, meaning freedom, liberty, and 2. Huria for freedom, liberty, independence

In Yoruba https://yorubadictionary.co/entry/liberty there are very interesting views for the concept of 'liberty' for Yoruba cosmogony, Ominira, meaning:

right, independence, freedom, familiarity and autonomy.

Austronesian linguistic family: Malagasy and Javanese languages.

In Malagache language Fahafahana for Liberty means: 'It is the nature of a free human, that is, not to be enslaved, not to be enslaved by others, but to do as she/he pleases', as appears in http://malagasyword.org/bins/teny2/fahafahana.

In Javanese language Kamardikan means also 'Independence, Freedom and Liberty'; in Malay and Indonesian is Kemerdek, and in Sundanese is Kamerdik, very similar in phonetics.

Trans-New Guinea linguistic family:

Sino-Tibetan linguistic family: Chinese and Sherpa

In chinese language, Zìyóu, means 'freedom, free, unrestrained, liberty' as cited by Yu (2015) at

http://elies.rediris.es/Language_Design/LD17/LD17_06_Yun.pdf

In sherpa language, Khomu means 'free' or Kinmu means 'free from worries'

Afro-Asiatic linguistic family: Hebrew, Arabic, Amharic, Aramaic

In hebrew language, Hhofesh means 'freedom', while Hherouth is 'liberty', with a strong sense on the opposite to slavery, and as a value from God.

In arab language, Hurriyya means 'freedom', used by popular language in a predominantly non-political way, until 19th century, then shifted its sociological semantic towards 'political independence' during 20th century, used by nationalists when Ottoman Empire ruled and European Metropoles colonized the Arab world.

In amharic language, Nets’aneti means 'Liberty' and 'Freedom', and is also used as a name in Ethiopia.

In aramaic language, the main language spoken by our Lord JesusChrist, the equivalent is B'khiaruota that means 'Freedom'.

Pama–Nyungan linguistic family: wunambal.

Wunambal languages is one of the 250 languages that have been recorded in the Australian continent distributed in 28 linguistic families. There are 20 primary subgroups of the Pama–Nyungan family, along with the remaining 27 non-Pama–Nyungan families, which are clustered in the far north of the country. Wunambal language belongs to this latter cluster of non-Pama-Nyungan families, super atomized archaic languages none counting more than 5000 speakers.

After an expert linguistic anthropologist in Australian languages and from one of top 20 university worldwide (preferring not to be mentioned in this book, as written in the emails exchanged): “The only example I have in my database is from Wunambal (recorded by Arthur Capell): Buraŋgaja. Concepts like 'Liberty' are bound up in social hierarchy and slavery that wasn't historically present in Australia, so it's not terribly surprising that there aren't many words along those lines. There are plenty of words around "free" though - e.g. to set something free.”

'My' Liberty Idea: Liberators Philosophers

I would want to become a Liberator. I Liberate myself to conquer my Life, Liberty and Happiness, I am the 'Captain of my Soul'!. Liberty is the alpha & omega Natural resource! Liberty is a divine gift, a natural trait, one of the key features of our spirit. Liberty must be seen as an ethological (biological) characteristic of Homo sapiens sapiens. Liberty is a human ecology feature. Liberty is a human biology trait: Natural Laws goes through Natural Rights to Protect our Natural Liberty.

Market is to society what trophic webs are to species and ecosystem is to biota, and the spontaneous ‘natural’ order is the invisible hand randomly structuring our human groups since Homo sapiens arose, as a natural quality of human beings, that, when is intentionally manipulated from centralized decision makers supposed 'smarter' minds, is then... perturbed. It's like trying to cultivate crops in the amazon forest without the violent force of pesticides.

That invisible liberty/freedom/independence trait in every human being, is inertial, spontaneous, natural of our humanized

(spirit/verb/word) brain/mind/thought/knowledge/culture.

Anyone can not control human liberty other than with violent forces or menaces of force.

But...

Nowadays, this latter superpower of mental liberty, which was based before, and, during the 19th and 20th centuries on the assumption that no one could know what we are thinking, and our brain, opinions, and thoughts were private and our last frontier of freedom, liberty and independence...

It is accepted that the state can not direct the economy because it is a social web of trillions of voluntary transactions every minute around the human planet, at least it can not do it effectively.

One of the reasons for this underscoring pattern of human made state, is the theoretical impossibility of managing the trillion of subjectives values for prices of goods, services and resources, that human society does in a natural way.

Today, the Gates of our minds were opened with cookies & big data, and many groups now can handle trillions of data every second we live in virtual societies. This is a threat for Liberty.

Think about it. Who may want to undermine our values? Our sacred family? Our elders (euthanasia)? Our nonnatus babies (abortion)? Our Dignity?

When informatics started to do that? Who were the inventors of these features?

My hypothesis is linked to anti Liberty ideologies: ‘liliberals’ to me.

So, be aware of this and use the Internet less, and walk, chat more at cafes, parks, naturally, and cheat Cookies Analytics, use other bridges, you can. Keep your mental Liberty, our last frontier...

Apply the random positive flux of good vibes of your brain, it is a natural pattern of the majority of us, as Thomas Sowel used to say: the real sense of a majoritarian common decency in the poorest neighbourhoods of the world's modern communities. Despite the role of the state 'trying' to help people, but actually destroying without (?) noticing the families and individuals' dignity in most cases. Once you over help one person, there is a high risk of losing the Natural independence abilities and skills to act free for that person or family or social group. Maybe that is intentional?

Keep Stoic, act Caritatively, be Virtuous, cultivate Wisdom, be Courageous, maintain Temperance, develop Hope, be always Fair, gain Faith, become Free.

Each of these principles can contribute to personal growth and well-being. Let's explore them further:

Keep Stoic: Stoicism teaches the importance of accepting and embracing the things we cannot control while focusing on our own thoughts and actions. It encourages maintaining inner calm and tranquility, even in the face of adversity.

Act Caritatively: Acting with charity means showing kindness, compassion, and generosity towards others. It involves helping those in need, practicing empathy, and promoting the well-being of all people.

Be Virtuous: Virtue is a central concept in Stoicism and other ethical frameworks. It involves cultivating qualities such as integrity, honesty, humility, justice, and courage. Striving for virtue helps us become better individuals and contribute positively to society.

Cultivate Wisdom: Wisdom is the pursuit of knowledge, understanding, and insight. It involves continuous learning, critical thinking, and self-reflection. Cultivating wisdom allows us to make informed decisions and navigate life's challenges with clarity.

Be Courageous: Courage is the ability to face fear, uncertainty, and adversity with bravery and resilience. It means taking risks, standing up for what is right, and overcoming obstacles in pursuit of our goals and values.

Maintain Temperance: Temperance is about self-control and moderation. It involves avoiding excesses, balancing our desires and needs, and practicing restraint in various aspects of life, such as food, drink, and material possessions.

Develop Hope: Hope is the belief in the possibility of a better future. It provides optimism, resilience, and motivation to keep striving, even in challenging times. Cultivating hope enables us to maintain a positive outlook and work towards our aspirations.

Be always Fair: Fairness is an essential principle of justice. It means treating others with equity, impartiality, and respect. It involves considering different perspectives, being open-minded, and making decisions based on fairness and reason.

Gain Faith: Faith can have different meanings for different individuals. It can involve having trust and confidence in oneself, in others, or in a higher power or purpose. Faith can provide strength, guidance, and a sense of meaning and connectedness.

Become Free: Freedom, in this context, refers to achieving inner freedom by overcoming attachments to external circumstances or desires. It means recognizing that our thoughts, attitudes, and actions are within our control, allowing us to find peace and contentment regardless of external circumstances.

By integrating these principles into your life, you can cultivate a well-rounded and fulfilling existence. Remember, personal growth is an ongoing journey, and practicing these principles consistently will lead to a more virtuous and meaningful life.

It is time for the cultural battle against anti Liberty ideologies

I will be using the term ‘iliberal’ to signal those -not so- secret actors contradicting world wide the natural Liberty, a natural law, the natural rights.

Some minds cited in these pages recall on that the State, the Central Planning, the Keynesianism, the Marxism, the Socialism, the Communism in any of myriad of different names (same ancient task) and we unify these terms into the ‘iliberal’ concept, the opposite, the inverse of Liberty = Liberty-1.

Sir Milton Friedman said in a modern youtube post of a video of the 70’s, that ‘the term Liberal was kidnaped in the 60’s in the US, by those who feel free enough to use everyone else’s money’, thus promoting confusion among the public to identify the Classic Liberals, still known in Europe and the rest of the planet as Liberals. Apparently we lost this semantic/linguistic little battle in the US, they achieved the goal of that the public opinion thinks of Liberals as progressist, lefty or followers of the Democrat Party. Nothing more far from facts. These ‘north american’ Liberals are pro Deep State and the New World Order, with central planning for the entire planet society, as we were a giant ants' colony. It is scary… Help US Archangel Saint Michael to beat this Anaconda!

Why should the state be minimized? as it is an abstract creation of some people, it is a huge paradigm! How to dismantle the states without eliminating human societies as we know them today?

As the wise Prof. Bastos says (in spanish or galician online conferences), today the state is a more abstract idea than ever, at least with medieval monarchies, the people ‘could signal the state’, represented in one single person: c’est moi l’État!, the king or the queen, and the system worked better because if the ruler imposes more taxes or penalties, the society would eventually behead the dignitary with violence (as Juan de Mariana wrote, Salamanca School: Tyrannicide), such a control measure that will be impossible today, as the state are monsters of paper, ideas in ink, and it is not a living entity with no personality, non ontologic, is the sum of thousands of rules, laws, bureaucracy, a system converted in the ‘anti human-ecosystem’, the habitat and the modus vivendi of a new* category: Homo officinalis sapiens indoeuropeae catholica keynesii.

I come with a parallelism to figure it out the idea: the state would hides its ‘personal responsibilities’ behind the Hooligan factor, in which the mass of people acts violently in popular sports, more often football, because they feel anonymous or unreachable...

New Categories' Proposal for a better understanding of Humans beings

III.Philosophical approaches (overview) and thought on Liberty: Selected

Libertarian's ideology based on quotes and paraphrasing its ideas in our own words. Minibiographies for another understanding of Liberty from ‘our Libertarian Tree’: Aristotle, Saint Thomas Aquinus, Hume, Locke, Adams, Bastiat, Menger, Mises, Hayek, Friedman, Sowell, Arendt, Rand, and some more. Additional: historical characters' minds, always looking for Liberty concepts and treatments (Erasmus, Al Farabi, Lao Tse, e.g., and some more).

We start from the present, the living Libertarians one can see and listen to at Internet videos, and read in available open html or PDF texts we browsed ramdomly from a mental list of authors I was constructing meanwhile investigating each mind. We create this list of periods, down here:

Libertarian minds period:

Modern Judeo-Christian minds period:

Capitalism Revolution minds period:

Enlightenments minds period:

Circa Renaissance minds period:

Abrahamic Middle Age minds period:

Christian Saints minds period:

Christian Apostles minds period:

Socratic minds period:

PreSocratic minds period:

Persian minds period:

Hebrew Prophets minds period:

Chinese minds period:

Hindu minds period:

Egypt minds period:

Mesopotamian minds period:

21st Century & 3rd Millenium Liberators’ Freedom era:

These arbitrary periods are then yuxtaposed and 'touching' with others periods until now even, because there will be always somebody studying this periods' thought.

There is a cognitive link surviving today, because, let's take this example of Sir (to me) Thomas Sowell, he was 'le Delfin' of the Giant (to me) Milton Friedman, who took the big influence of Montpelerin Society together with dozens of minds as outstanding as Hayek, Mises, Roekpe, this leading to Austrian-economics school of Menger, this one reading Adams, Locke, Hume, this Britain Enlightenment group taking some big ideas from Salamanca School as Hayek said once, and this spanish Jesuit influenced academic place was in turn affected, positively, by Saint Thomas Aquinas, this true Giant was influenced by Aristotle trough what I called 'Abrahamic Middle Age Minds' period, the ones bringing light during dark medieval times, like Averroes, Al Farabi, Maimonides, Avicenna.

Aristotle did not came out with his thought by creating from nothing, it should be a matter of receiving all information from its peers, masters, neighbourhoods, oral traditions, own reflection and thinking, plus empiric observations, and investigating on previous culture through ancient written knowledge, all this resuming, concentrating, major sources of by-time known culture of Homo sapiens.

Philosophical Approaches and Thoughts on Liberty:

Aristotle: Aristotle believed in the concept of natural law and viewed liberty as the freedom to live according to one's nature and reason. He emphasized the importance of a balanced and just society that allows individuals to develop their full potential.

Saint Thomas Aquinas integrated Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology. He considered liberty as the ability to choose good and act in accordance with divine law. According to Aquinas, true liberty is found in obedience to God's will.

David Hume: Hume emphasized the importance of individual liberty and the limitations of government power. He argued for limited government intervention and emphasized the role of voluntary interactions in fostering prosperity and progress.

John Locke: Locke is often regarded as a key figure in the development of classical liberal thought. He believed that individuals possess natural rights, including life, liberty, and property. Locke advocated for limited government and the consent of the governed.

John Adams: Adams, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, championed the principles of liberty and independence. He emphasized the importance of individual rights, rule of law, and the separation of powers as essential foundations for a free society.

Frédéric Bastiat: Bastiat was a French economist and writer who defended free trade and individual liberty. He argued against protectionism and government intervention, highlighting the benefits of voluntary exchange and economic freedom.

Carl Menger: Menger, one of the founders of the Austrian School of economics, emphasized the importance of individual liberty in economic affairs. He believed that market forces and spontaneous order were superior to centralized planning.

Ludwig von Mises: Mises, another influential Austrian economist, championed the principles of classical liberalism and individualism. He argued for the free market, private property rights, and limited government intervention as crucial for economic prosperity and individual freedom.

Friedrich Hayek: Hayek emphasized the importance of individual freedom and the rule of law in a spontaneous order. He criticized central planning and advocated for decentralized decision-making processes as superior for societal coordination.

Milton Friedman: Friedman was a prominent economist and advocate of classical liberalism. He promoted free markets, limited government, and individual choice. Friedman believed that economic freedom was essential for political and personal freedom.

Thomas Sowell: Sowell, an economist and social theorist, has consistently defended individual liberty and criticized government interventions. He has written extensively on the detrimental effects of various policies on individual freedom and economic prosperity.

These are just a few examples of thinkers who have contributed to the philosophical understanding of liberty. There are numerous other figures throughout history who have explored and advanced concepts related to liberty, each offering unique insights and perspectives.

Libertarian minds period:

‘Youtube Videos’ for Liberty II:

Too smart for me: Roger Scruton, Jordan Peterson, Ben Shapiro, Ron Paul, Jeff Deist.

https://mises.org/profile/jeff-deist

https://www.roger-scruton.com/

https://www.jordanbpeterson.com/about/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shapiro

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ron-Paul

Peterson:

Jordan Peterson is a Canadian psychologist, professor, and author known for his views on various topics such as psychology, philosophy, politics, and personal development. Here are some key aspects related to Jordan Peterson:

Life:

Jordan Peterson was born on June 12, 1962, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Alberta and a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from McGill University. Peterson worked as a professor at Harvard University and the University of Toronto, where he gained prominence for his lectures and controversial views on social and political issues. This Canadian clinical psychologist and cultural commentator, has discussed the concept of liberty in various contexts. Here are some notable quotes from him on the subject:

Quotes:

"Set your house in perfect order before you criticize the world."

"Compare yourself to who you were yesterday, not to who someone else is today."

"The purpose of life is finding the largest burden that you can bear and bearing it."

"To stand up straight with your shoulders back is to accept the terrible responsibility of life, with eyes wide open."

"Treat yourself as if you were someone you were responsible for helping."

"If you can't understand why someone is doing something, look at the consequences of their actions, whatever they might be, and then infer the motivations from their consequences."

"You're going to pay a price for every bloody thing you do and everything you don't do. You don't get to choose to not pay a price. You get to choose which poison you're going to take. That's it."

"People don't believe what you tell them. They rarely believe what you show them. They often believe what their friends tell them. They always believe what they tell themselves."

"To stand up straight with your shoulders back is to accept the terrible responsibility of life, with eyes wide open. It means deciding to voluntarily transform the chaos of potential into the realities of habitable order."

"Compare yourself to who you were yesterday, not to who someone else is today."

Books:

"Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief" - In this book, Peterson explores the connections between psychology, mythology, religion, and belief systems.

"12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos" - Peterson presents twelve principles for living a meaningful and responsible life, drawing on psychology, philosophy, and personal anecdotes.

"Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life" - This book is a sequel to "12 Rules for Life" and expands on the themes of personal responsibility, meaning, and individuality.

Keywords:

Jordan Peterson, Canadian psychologist, professor, author, psychology, philosophy, politics, personal development, life, quotes, books

Elixir: Modern Language, Western Semantics, Christian Morality.

Paul:

Ron Paul is a retired American politician and physician who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1976 to 1977, from 1979 to 1985, and from 1997 to 2013. He was known for his libertarian and conservative views, advocating for limited government, free markets, non-interventionist foreign policy, and individual liberties. Here's some information on his life, notable quotes, and books:

Life:

Ron Paul was born on August 20, 1935, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. He attended Gettysburg College and Duke University School of Medicine, where he earned his medical degree. Paul served as a flight surgeon in the United States Air Force and later worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist. He became involved in politics during the 1970s and gained attention for his principled stances and consistent adherence to libertarian principles.

Quotes:

"The moral and constitutional obligations of our representatives in Washington are to protect our liberty, not coddle the world, precipitating no-win wars, while bringing bankruptcy and economic turmoil to our people."

"Government should never be able to do anything you can't do. You can't rob your neighbor, you can't steal, you can't murder, and you can't print money. And the government can't do it either."

"The more the state plans, the more difficult planning becomes for the individual."

"Inflation is the enemy of prosperity and the friend of the powerful few."

"The ultimate solution is not in the hands of the government. The solution falls on each and every individual, with guidance from family, friends, and community."

"Liberty is lost through complacency and a subservient mindset. When we accept or even welcome automobile checkpoints, random searches, mandatory identification cards, and paramilitary police in our streets, we have lost a vital part of our American heritage."

"The most basic principle to being a free American is the notion that we as individuals are responsible for our own lives and decisions. We do not have the right to rob our neighbors to make up for our mistakes, neither does our neighbor have any right to tell us how to live, so long as we aren't infringing on their rights."

"Liberty is not collective, it is personal. All liberty is individual liberty."

"The true patriot is motivated by a sense of responsibility and out of self-interest for himself, his family, and the future of his country to resist government abuse of power. He rejects the notion that patriotism means obedience to the state."

Books:

"Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom" by Ron Paul - In this book, Ron Paul explores various political and social issues from a libertarian perspective, discussing the importance of individual liberty in each context.

"The Case for Gold: A Minority Report of the United States Gold Commission" - Co-authored with Lewis Lehrman, this book argues in favor of returning to the gold standard.

"A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship" - This book presents Ron Paul's non-interventionist foreign policy views and calls for a reevaluation of America's approach to international relations.

"End the Fed" - In this book, Ron Paul criticizes the Federal Reserve system and advocates for its abolition.

"Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom" (2011) - Ron Paul addresses a wide range of topics, including economics, foreign policy, civil liberties, and the role of government.

"The Revolution: A Manifesto" (2008) - This book outlines Ron Paul's political philosophy, his critique of the current state of affairs, and his vision for a more limited government and individual freedom.

Keywords: Ron Paul, life,

Elixir:

Scruton:

Roger Scruton was a British philosopher, writer, and public intellectual who passed away on January 12, 2020. He made significant contributions to the fields of aesthetics, political philosophy, and conservative thought. Scruton was known for his conservative stance on various issues, including culture, politics, and environmentalism.

Here are some quotes by Roger Scruton:

"Beauty is vanishing from our world because we live as though it did not matter."

"To be conservative is to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the sufficient to the superabundant, the convenient to the perfect, present laughter to utopian bliss."

"The first thing to say about emotion is that it is always a response to a situation, never a simple reflex or bodily impulse."

"The ideal of a good society is a moving target. It has to be continually re-imagined in the light of ongoing experience and revised in the light of future expectations."

"Music opens a path into the realm of silence."

"Liberty is not the power of doing what we like, but the right of being able to do what we ought."

"Liberty is the condition of all genuine progress. The stronger the opposition to liberty, the greater the progress it enables."

"True liberty depends upon the rule of law, and not upon the indulgence of the majority."

"Liberty is not the negation of all authority, but the limitation of authority to its proper sphere."

"Liberty means self-restraint. Without self-restraint, the exercise of freedom degenerates into license."

Some notable books by Roger Scruton include:

"The Aesthetics of Music"

"Beauty: A Very Short Introduction"

"The Meaning of Conservatism"

"How to Be a Conservative"

"Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition"

"The Soul of the World"

"On Human Nature"

"Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left"

"The West and the Rest: Globalization and the Terrorist Threat"

"England: An Elegy"

"Green Philosophy: How to Think Seriously About the Planet"

"The Uses of Pessimism: And the Danger of False Hope"

Keywords associated with Roger Scruton: philosopher, writer, conservative thought, aesthetics, political philosophy, culture, beauty, music, conservatism

Elixir:

Shapiro:

Ben Shapiro is a conservative political commentator, author, lawyer, and public speaker. Here's some information about him based on your keywords:

Life:

Ben Shapiro was born on January 15, 1984, in Los Angeles, California. He grew up in a Jewish family and attended a yeshiva (Jewish religious school) as a child. Shapiro graduated from Harvard Law School at the age of 23 and subsequently practiced law. He gained prominence as a conservative commentator through his writings, speeches, and media appearances.

Quotes:

"Facts don't care about your feelings."

"The idea of being virtuous without God is really just the idea of being virtuous without virtue."

"The facts don't care about your agenda. The facts don't care about your feelings."

"Freedom is not only a natural right but also a responsibility."

Shapiro often stresses that liberty isn't just about doing whatever one wants; it also entails taking responsibility for one's actions and decisions. He advocates for personal accountability as an essential component of true freedom.

"The government's role is to protect individual liberties, not to infringe upon them."

Shapiro frequently argues against government overreach and advocates for limited government intervention in people's lives. He believes that excessive regulation and control can undermine individual liberties.

"Free speech is the cornerstone of a free society."

Shapiro is a staunch defender of free speech rights, often asserting that the ability to express oneself without fear of censorship or reprisal is fundamental to a functioning democracy. He criticizes attempts to silence dissenting voices and promotes robust debate and dialogue.

"Equality of opportunity, not equality of outcome."

Shapiro frequently discusses the concept of equality, emphasizing that while everyone should have equal opportunities to succeed, it's unrealistic and unjust to expect equal outcomes. He argues against policies that aim to enforce equality of outcome through government intervention, advocating instead for merit-based systems.

Shapiro's Books:

"The Right Side of History: How Reason and Moral Purpose Made the West Great": In this book, Shapiro explores the foundational principles that have shaped Western civilization, including the importance of liberty and individual rights.

"Bullies: How the Left's Culture of Fear and Intimidation Silences America": While not solely focused on liberty, this book delves into the importance of standing up for one's beliefs and resisting efforts to suppress freedom of speech and expression.

"Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth"

"Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future"

"Project President: Bad Hair and Botox on the Road to the White House"

"Bullies: How the Left's Culture of Fear and Intimidation Silences Americans"

"The People vs. Barack Obama: The Criminal Case Against the Obama Administration"

"True Allegiance"

"The Right Side of History: How Reason and Moral Purpose Made the West Great"

Keywords:

Some keywords associated with Ben Shapiro include conservative, political commentator, author, lawyer, Harvard Law School, conservative values, Jewish, and public speaker

Elixir:

Deist:

Jeff Deist is an American attorney, libertarian writer, and public speaker. He is the president of the Mises Institute, a research and educational organization that promotes the ideas of Austrian economics and classical liberalism. Here are some details related to Jeff Deist:

Life:

Jeff Deist was born on July 25, 1969, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. He holds a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Houston Law Center and a bachelor's degree in economics from Grove City College.

Quotes:

Here are a few notable quotes by Jeff Deist:

"Libertarianism is not a 'live and let live' philosophy. It's a 'live your life as you see fit, and don't let others live theirs for them' philosophy."

"Freedom ultimately means the ability to live your own life as you see fit, subject only to the non-aggression principle."

"The state is the most dangerous entity known to man, not because of its size or scope, but because it claims a monopoly on violence."

"Liberty is about people making their own choices, for better or worse. It is about allowing individuals to live their lives free from coercion and force."

"The essence of liberty is the absence of coercion. Liberty means allowing individuals to interact voluntarily, without interference or direction from outside authorities."

"Liberty is not a gift from government; it is a natural right that preexists government. Governments are instituted to secure these rights, not to grant them."

"The true test of liberty is not how it benefits the majority, but how it protects the rights of the minority. Liberty means respecting the rights of all individuals, even those with whom we disagree."

"Liberty is not just about economic freedom, although that is an important aspect. It is also about personal freedom—the freedom to live your life according to your own values and beliefs, as long as you do not infringe on the rights of others."

"The greatest threat to liberty is not from external enemies, but from our own government. History has shown that governments, left unchecked, will inevitably expand their power at the expense of individual liberty."

"Liberty requires eternal vigilance. It is not enough to simply have a constitution or a bill of rights; we must constantly defend and uphold these principles against those who would seek to undermine them.

Books:

Jeff Deist has not authored any books as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021. However, he has written numerous articles and opinion pieces on various libertarian and economic topics, many of which can be found on the Mises Institute's website. Here:

Deist articles and papers list

Keywords:

Elixir:

‘Youtube Videos’ For Liberty I

Andrew Napolitano:

Life: Andrew P. Napolitano was born on June 6, 1950 in Newark, New Jersey, US graduated from Princeton U. & Notre Dame U- Law School. He was seated in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey. Then Judge Napolitano taught constitutional law and jurisprudence at Delaware Law School and also at Seton Hall Law School. He was an outstanding professor.

He is well-known in U.S. for the defending of liberty, life and property, almost all Natural Laws from Saint Thomas Aquinas, through Locke, through Founding Fathers

Napolitano produces thoughts on the U.S. Constitution, the rule of law, civil liberties, human freedom in an atmosphere impregnated with Natural Rights.

Andrew Napolitano is an American legal analyst, author, and former judge who is known for his defense of liberty, life, and property based on natural rights and natural law. He has a strong focus on the U.S. Constitution, the rule of law, civil liberties, and human freedom.

Napolitano's views are heavily influenced by thinkers such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, and the Founding Fathers of the United States. He emphasizes the importance of upholding natural rights and believes that the government should not infringe upon these rights.

Quotes:

"The natural law teaches us that our freedoms are inherent and integral to our humanity. They are not privileges that government grants us and can therefore take away."

"Liberty is not a gift from government, it is a right belonging to the people. It is the birthright of every American."

"The greatest threat to our liberty is not terrorists or foreign governments, but our own government when it is unrestrained."

"When the government violates the people's rights, insurrection is, for the people and for each portion of the people, the most sacred of the rights and the most indispensable of duties."

"True liberty requires the rule of law and justice, and a judicial system in which the rights of some are not secured by the denial of rights to others."

Books:

"Constitutional Chaos: What Happens When the Government Breaks Its Own Laws"

"The Constitution in Exile: How the Federal Government Has Seized Power by Rewriting the Supreme Law of the Land"

"A Nation of Sheep"

"It Is Dangerous to Be Right When the Government Is Wrong: The Case for Personal Freedom"

"Suicide Pact: The Radical Expansion of Presidential Powers and the Lethal Threat to American Liberty.

Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America.

Lies the Government Told You: Myth, Power, and Deception in American History.

Theodore and Woodrow: How Two American Presidents Destroyed Constitutional Freedom

The Freedom Answer Book: How the Government Is Taking Away Your Constitutional Freedoms.

Keywords: Natural Rights, Natural Law, Natural Liberty

Elixir:

Joseph Salerno

Life:

Born 1950) is an economist who is Professor Emeritus of Economics in the Finance and Graduate Economics departments at the Lubin School of Business at Pace University, Academic Vice President of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, and holds the John V. Denson II Endowed Professorship in the economics department at Auburn University. He earned his B.A. at Boston College and his M.A. and Ph.D. at Rutgers University.

He received his Ph.D. in economics from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. He is a professor of economics in the Finance and Graduate Economics Department in the Lubin School of Business of Pace University in New York. He is the editor of theQuarterly Journal of Austrian Economics and the Academic Vice President of the Ludwig von Mises Institute.

Dr. Salerno is a research associate of the Foundations of the Market Economy in the economics department at New York University and a policy expert for the Heritage Foundation in Washington, D.C. He is on the Board of Editors of Procesos de Mercado and Studia Humana.

Dr. Salerno has published over 50 articles and essays in refereed journals and scholarly books. monetary theory and policy, international monetary reform, and Austrian economics. t mises.org, forbes.com, ChristianScienceMonitor.com, WallStreet Oasis.com, and EconomicPolicyJournal.com.

Salerno has published over 50 scholarly articles and books and is the editor of the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. He is a recognized expert on monetary theory and policy, international monetary reform, and Austrian economics and has testified before the United States Congress on the topics of inflation and of reserve fractional reserve banking.[citation needed]

He has also published numerous op-eds online at mises.org, forbes.com, Christian Science Monitor.com, Wall Street Oasis.com, and Economic Policy journal.com. He is frequently interviewed on broadcast and online radio programs including Bloomberg Radio and has appeared on CSPAN, Fox News, and the Fox Business Networis.[2] Salerno's theories have been explicated by Israel Kirzner in a survey of Austrian thought on entrepreneurship.[3]

Quotes:

"The market economy is not a zero-sum game, but rather a positive-sum game in which all participants benefit from voluntary exchanges."

"Inflation is the opium of central banks, it soothes the soul, but eventually destroys the body."

"Central banking is the most pervasive form of intervention in a modern economy."

"The market process is the only social institution capable of coordinating the dispersed knowledge of individuals and harnessing it for the betterment of society."

"Austrian economics is the only school of economic thought that puts entrepreneurship at the center of its analysis."

Books:

"Money, Sound and Unsound" (co-authored with Philipp Bagus) - This book explores the consequences of unsound money and how it affects economic stability and individual freedom.

"A Theory of Free Banking: Money Supply under Competitive Note Issue" (co-authored with George Selgin) - This work discusses the theory of free banking, arguing for a decentralized banking system free from government control, which would promote economic liberty.

"Money and Gold: A Monetarist Approach" - In this book, Salerno critiques monetarist theories and advocates for a return to a gold standard, highlighting the importance of sound money for preserving individual liberty.

Keywords: American Austrian School, Murray Rothbard

Elixir:

Robert Sirico

Life:

Father Robert Sirico, born in 1951, is a Catholic priest, founder of the Acton Institute (Grand Rapids, Michigan) for the Study of Religion and Liberty and also develops an active social leadership as a political, religious, philosophical and economic commentator. Member of the Mont Pelerin Society

Quotes:

Theocracy is the destruction of human freedom in the name of God. Libertinism is the destruction of moral norms in the name of liberty. Neither will do.

What threatens to bring freedom to an end is that we have forgotten the end of freedom, in the other sense—its aim or purpose.

"Liberty is the condition in which individuals are free to act, to choose, and to pursue their own ends, so long as they do not infringe upon the equal rights of others."

"True liberty is not license to do whatever we want, but rather the freedom to do what is right and just."

"Freedom is not the ability to do whatever we want, but the power to do what we ought."

"The essence of liberty is not just the absence of coercion but the presence of opportunity."

"A free society is not one where everyone does as they please, but one where everyone is free to pursue their own flourishing within the bounds of justice and morality."

Books:

Catholique et libéral: Les raisons morales d'une économie libre

The Social Agenda: A Collection Of Roman Catholic Magisterial Texts

Catholicism's Developing Social Teaching

Toward A Free And Virtuous Society

A Moral Basis for Liberty

"Defending the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy" - In this book, Sirico argues for the moral foundations of a free-market economy and how it promotes human flourishing and liberty.

"A Field Guide to the Hero's Journey" - While not explicitly about liberty, this book explores the themes of human agency, individual growth, and overcoming obstacles, which are closely related to the concept of liberty.

"The Entrepreneurial Vocation" - This book delves into the role of entrepreneurship in fostering economic freedom and individual liberty

Keywords: Virtuous Society, Family, Faith, Liberty, Civil Rights.

Elixir:

The elixir of Robert Sirico's philosophy could be described as the harmonious integration of faith, liberty, and moral values in building a virtuous society. He emphasizes the importance of recognizing the inherent dignity and freedom of individuals while upholding moral norms and principles. Sirico believes that both theocracy (the imposition of religious authority on society) and libertinism (the rejection of moral norms in the pursuit of personal liberty) are detrimental to human freedom.

His books, such as "Catholique et libéral: Les raisons morales d'une économie libre" and "Toward A Free And Virtuous Society," delve into the moral justifications for a free-market economy and highlight the compatibility between Catholicism and liberal principles. Sirico acknowledges the social teachings of the Catholic Church and incorporates them into his arguments for a free and virtuous society.

In his work, Sirico also emphasizes the importance of the family as the basic unit of society and the crucial role it plays in fostering moral values and civil society. He defends the free market as a means to promote individual liberty, economic prosperity, and social justice, arguing for the moral case of a free economy in books like "Defending the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy."

Overall, Robert Sirico's philosophy revolves around the idea that freedom should be pursued with a clear understanding of its purpose and the moral principles that should guide its exercise. By integrating faith, liberty, and moral values, he envisions a society where individuals can flourish and contribute to the common good.

Michael Novak:

Life: (1933-2017) is a brilliant philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. Catholic. Author of around 40 books on philosophy, theology, politics, society, culture,

Quotes:

A man is too insignificant to be preoccupied with his failures. All of the energy he has is required for attending to the loneliness, the pain, the needs of others.

Love is a willingness to sacrifice.

Our moral and cultural traditions have not kept pace with our economic possibilities. We try to match new demands with a spiritual life not designed for them.

Liberty is the object of the Republic. Liberty needs virtue. Virtue among the people is impossible without religion.

Books:

Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is (2015)

Writing from Left to Right: My Journey From Liberal to Conservative (2013)

The Myth of Romantic Love and Other Essays (with Elizabeth Shaw) (2012)

Living the Call: An Introduction to the Lay Vocation (with William E. Simon) All Nature is a Sacramental Fire: Moments of Beauty, Sorrow, and Joy (2011)

No One Sees God: The Dark Night of Atheists and Believers (2008)

Washington's God: Religion, Liberty, and the Father of Our Country (with Jana Novak) (2006)

Universal Hunger for Liberty: Why the Clash of Civilizations is Not Inevitable (2004)

On Two Wings: Humble Faith and Common Sense at the American Founding (2001)

Business as a Calling (1996)

The Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1993).

Free Persons and the Common Good (1988)

The Open Church (1964, 2002)

Catholic Social Thought and Liberal Institutions (1984, 1989)

This Hemisphere of Liberty (1990, 1992)

Will It Liberate? Questions About Liberation Theology (1986)

Moral Clarity in a Nuclear Age (1983)

The New Consensus on Family and Welfare: A Community of Self-Reliance (Novak et al.) (1987).

The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism (1982)..

Keywords: Michael Novak, philosopher, journalist, novelist, diplomat, Catholic, books, quotes, social justice, love, morality, culture, liberty, religion, lay vocation, atheism, capitalism, family, welfare, democratic capitalism.

Michael Novak (1933-2017) was a renowned philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. He was a Catholic and authored approximately 40 books on a wide range of topics including philosophy, theology, politics, society, and culture. Some of his notable works include:

"Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is" (2015): In this book, Novak challenges conventional notions of social justice and offers a different perspective on the concept.

"Writing from Left to Right: My Journey From Liberal to Conservative" (2013): Novak reflects on his personal journey from being a liberal to embracing conservative principles and ideologies.

"The Myth of Romantic Love and Other Essays" (with Elizabeth Shaw) (2012): Novak explores the concept of romantic love and its impact on modern relationships through a series of thought-provoking essays.

"No One Sees God: The Dark Night of Atheists and Believers" (2008): In this work, Novak delves into the experiences of atheists and believers, highlighting the struggles and doubts they face in their spiritual journeys.

"The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism" (1982): Considered one of his most influential works, Novak argues for the compatibility of capitalism and democracy, emphasizing the moral and social dimensions of free-market economies.

Here are some quotes attributed to Michael Novak:

"A man is too insignificant to be preoccupied with his failures. All of the energy he has is required for attending to the loneliness, the pain, the needs of others."

"Love is a willingness to sacrifice."

"Our moral and cultural traditions have not kept pace with our economic possibilities. We try to match new demands with a spiritual life not designed for them."

"Liberty is the object of the Republic. Liberty needs virtue. Virtue among the people is impossible without religion."

Throughout his writings, Novak explored the intersection of religion, morality, culture, and economics, often advocating for the importance of faith and virtue in society. He examined topics such as social justice, the role of the family and welfare, and the principles of democratic capitalism. His works reflect a deep understanding of human nature and the complexities of the modern world

Elixir:

Gabriel Zanotti

Life: Gabriel Zanotti, born in 1960, is an academic at Saint Thomas Aquinas University (Argentina) specialized in liberalism and Catholic philosophy, a pro Austro-libertarian thought’s enthusiast. He is a doctor of philosophy, author of numerous publications, lecturer in many countries around the planet. He considered himself as strongly influenced by Mises, Hayek, Aquino, Popper.

Quotes: ‘...the self is the coporeous mind of the individual based on epi neuronal activities, but the soul or psique is external and linked at the same time with the brain system, the intellect…’

Books (translated from Spanish):

Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics.

Basic principles of the Austrian School of Economics in four lessons: A book so easy that even philosophers will understand it.

Judeo-Christianity, Western Civilization and Freedom: Essay on the Essentially Judeo-Christian Origin of Freedom in the West.

Commentary on the sum against gentiles: A bridge between the 13th century and the 21st century.

Crisis of reason and crisis of democracy.

Market economy and social doctrine of the church.

Can you be a good Christian and a good liberal?

Natural law, Christianity and public reason.

The economy of Human Action.

Philosophical and epistemological foundations of praxeology.

Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics.

Christian Philosophical Anthropology and Market Economics: Based on St. Thomas Aquinas and the Austrian School of Economics.

Equality, Freedom, Intimacy: Key Ideas for a Christian and Liberal Humanism of the XXI Century.

The humanism of the future: A philosophical-political essay.

Reasons for capitalism.

Popper: Search with hope.

Natural law, Christianity and public reason.

Basic principles of the Austrian School of Economics in four lessons: A book so easy that even philosophers will understand it.

The gender ideology against individual freedoms.

Philosophical introduction to the thought of F.A. Hayek.

Keywords: Saint Thomas Aquinas, Popper, Humor, Faith

Elixir: Falsifiability of science, metaphysics of spirit, Natural Liberty.

Gabriel Zanotti is an academic at Saint Thomas Aquinas University in Argentina, specializing in liberalism and Catholic philosophy. He is known for his enthusiasm for Austro-libertarian thought and considers himself strongly influenced by thinkers such as Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Popper. Zanotti holds a doctorate in philosophy and has authored numerous publications. He has also delivered lectures in various countries around the world.

One of Zanotti's notable quotes suggests his view on the relationship between the mind and soul: "The self is the corporeal mind of the individual based on epi-neuronal activities, but the soul or psyche is external and linked at the same time with the brain system, the intellect."

Zanotti has written several books, some of which have been translated from Spanish into English. These include:

Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics

Basic principles of the Austrian School of Economics in four lessons: A book so easy that even philosophers will understand it

Judeo-Christianity, Western Civilization, and Freedom: Essay on the Essentially Judeo-Christian Origin of Freedom in the West

Commentary on the Sum Against Gentiles: A Bridge Between the 13th Century and the 21st Century

Crisis of Reason and Crisis of Democracy

Market Economy and Social Doctrine of the Church

Can you be a good Christian and a good liberal?

Natural Law, Christianity, and Public Reason

The Economy of Human Action

Philosophical and Epistemological Foundations of Praxeology

Christian Philosophical Anthropology and Market Economics: Based on St. Thomas Aquinas and the Austrian School of Economics

Equality, Freedom, Intimacy: Key Ideas for a Christian and Liberal Humanism of the 21st Century

The Humanism of the Future: A Philosophical-Political Essay

Reasons for Capitalism

Popper: Search with Hope

The Gender Ideology against Individual Freedoms

Philosophical Introduction to the Thought of F.A. Hayek

Some recurring keywords associated with Gabriel Zanotti's work are Saint Thomas Aquinas, Popper, humor, and faith. He has also expressed interest in the topics of falsifiability of science, metaphysics of spirit, and natural law.

Gabriel Zanotti is a renowned academic known for his expertise in liberalism and Catholic philosophy. He holds a position at Saint Thomas Aquinas University in Argentina, where he teaches and conducts research. Zanotti's specialization lies in the Austrian School of Economics, and he is particularly enthusiastic about Austro-libertarian thought. His intellectual influences include notable thinkers such as Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Popper.

With a background in philosophy, Zanotti has earned a doctorate in the field and has published extensively on various subjects. He has authored numerous books, some of which have been translated from Spanish into English. These works cover a wide range of topics, including the Austrian School of Economics, the relationship between Judeo-Christianity, Western civilization, and freedom, the crisis of reason and democracy, the market economy and the social doctrine of the church, and the compatibility of Christianity and liberalism. Zanotti has also explored the intersections of natural law, Christianity, and public reason, as well as the philosophical and epistemological foundations of praxeology.

Humor plays a role in Zanotti's work, as evident in the title of one of his books, "Basic principles of the Austrian School of Economics in four lessons: A book so easy that even philosophers will understand it." This suggests his intention to make complex concepts accessible and engaging to a broader audience.

Zanotti's interest in the metaphysics of spirit and the natural law reflects his exploration of deeper philosophical questions. Additionally, the recurring presence of Saint Thomas Aquinas and Karl Popper in his work indicates their significant influence on his thinking. Furthermore, Zanotti has expressed an interest in topics related to faith and the role of Christianity in Western civilization.

Overall, Gabriel Zanotti is a prominent academic known for his contributions to liberalism, Catholic philosophy, and the Austrian School of Economics. His works demonstrate his commitment to making complex ideas understandable while engaging with important philosophical and economic concepts

Rodriguez-Braun,

Life:

Carlos Rodríguez Braun is an esteemed economist and historian of economic thought, born on December 3, 1948, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He serves as a professor at the Universidad Complutense in Madrid and has made significant contributions to the field through his teaching, writing, and public commentary. Braun is a member of the Argentine Academy of Economic Sciences and the Mont Pèlerin Society, which highlights his prominence in the academic community.

In addition to his academic career, Braun has been an influential figure in Spanish journalism. He has worked as an editor and deputy editor for various publications and has written thousands of articles for notable Spanish newspapers and magazines such as La Razón, Expansión, Actualidad Económica, and Libertad Digital. He also frequently participates in radio programs on Onda Cero.

Quotes on Liberty

Carlos Rodríguez Braun is known for his staunch defense of liberal economic principles. Some notable quotes reflecting his views on liberty include:

1. "Freedom is the greatest source of wealth and progress."

2. "The role of the state should be limited to protect the freedom of individuals, not to dictate their lives."

3. "Economic liberty is not just a matter of efficiency, but of moral significance."

Books on Liberty

Braun has authored and co-authored numerous books that delve into the concepts of liberty, liberalism, and economic thought. Some of his notable works include:

"Estado contra mercado" - Discusses the conflict between state intervention and market freedom.

"El liberalismo no es pecado" (with Juan Ramón Rallo) - Explores the moral and practical foundations of liberalism.

"Diez ensayos liberales" and "Diez ensayos liberales II" - Collections of essays defending liberal economic principles.

"Panfletos liberales" series - Critiques various economic fallacies and defends the principles of a free market.

"Clichés antiliberales" - Debunks common anti-liberal clichés and arguments

Quotes:

Books:

La cuestión colonial y la economía clásica. De Adam Smith y Jeremy Bentham a Karl Marx, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1989.

Argentina, 1946-1983. The economy ministers speak (con Guido di Tella), Londres, Macmillan, 1990.

Encuentro con Karl Popper (con Pedro Schwartz y Fernando Méndez Ibisate), Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1993.

Grandes economistas, Madrid, Pirámide, 1997, 2.ª ed. 2006.

La economía en sus textos (con Julio Segura), Madrid, Taurus, 1998.

A pesar del Gobierno, Madrid, Unión Editorial, 1999.

Estado contra mercado, Madrid, Taurus, 2000.

25 años del Círculo de Empresarios, Madrid, Círculo de Empresarios, 2002.

An Eponymous Dictionary of Economics (con Julio Segura), Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 2004.

Diccionario políticamente incorrecto, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2004, 2.ª ed. 2005.

Panfletos liberales, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2005.

Tonterías Económicas, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2006, 2.ª ed. 2007, 3.ª ed. 2009.

Diez ensayos liberales, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2008.

Una crisis y cinco errores (con Juan Ramón Rallo), Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2009.

Panfletos liberales II, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2010.

Tonterías Económicas II, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2011.

Economía de los no economistas, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2011.

El liberalismo no es pecado. La economía en cinco lecciones (con Juan Ramón Rallo), Barcelona, Deusto, 2011.

Economía para andar por casa (con O.Macías Valle, I. Rodríguez Burgos y P.P.González Vicente), Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2012.

Clichés antiliberales (ebook), Expansión, 2013.

Panfletos liberales III, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2013.

Más economía para andar por casa (con O.Macías Valle, I. Rodríguez Burgos y P.P.González Vicente), Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2014.

Tonterías Económicas III, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2015.

Diez ensayos liberales II, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2017.

Panfletos liberales IV, Madrid, LID Editorial Empresarial, 2018.

Diccionario incorrecto de la nueva normalidad, Madrid, LID Editorial, 2020.

Keywords:

Rodriguez-Braun, Life:

Rodrigo Rodríguez-Braun is a Spanish economist, writer, and professor. He was born on September 4, 1951, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He currently resides in Madrid, Spain. Rodriguez-Braun is known for his advocacy of classical liberal economics and free market principles. He has been a prominent figure in the Spanish intellectual and academic circles, often expressing his views through his writings, lectures, and media appearances.

Quotes:

Here are a few quotes attributed to Rodrigo Rodríguez-Braun:

"The market is not perfect, but it is the best mechanism we have for allocating resources efficiently and promoting prosperity."

"Economic freedom is not just about money; it is about the freedom to make choices and pursue our own dreams and aspirations."

"Government intervention in the economy often leads to unintended consequences and stifles innovation and entrepreneurship."

Books:

Rodrigo Rodríguez-Braun has authored several books on economics, politics, and related topics. Some of his notable books include:

"La cuestión colonial y la economía clásica. De Adam Smith y Jeremy Bentham a Karl Marx" (1989)

"Argentina, 1946-1983. The economy ministers speak" (co-authored with Guido di Tella, 1990)

"Encuentro con Karl Popper" (co-authored with Pedro Schwartz and Fernando Méndez Ibisate, 1993)

"Grandes economistas" (1997)

"La economía en sus textos" (co-authored with Julio Segura, 1998)

"Estado contra mercado" (2000)

"An Eponymous Dictionary of Economics" (co-authored with Julio Segura, 2004)

"Diccionario políticamente incorrecto" (2004)

"Panfletos liberales" (2005)

"Tonterías Económicas" (2006)

"Diez ensayos liberales" (2008)

"Una crisis y cinco errores" (co-authored with Juan Ramón Rallo, 2009)

"Panfletos liberales II" (2010)

"Tonterías Económicas II" (2011)

"Economía de los no economistas" (2011)

"El liberalismo no es pecado. La economía en cinco lecciones" (co-authored with Juan Ramón Rallo, 2011)

"Economía para andar por casa" (co-authored with O. Macías Valle, I. Rodríguez Burgos, and P.P. González Vicente, 2012)

"Clichés antiliberales" (ebook, 2013)

"Panfletos liberales III" (2013)

"Más economía para andar por casa" (co-authored with O. Macías Valle, I. Rodríguez Burgos, and P.P. González Vicente, 2014)

"Tonterías Económicas III" (2015)

"Diez ensayos liberales II" (2017)

"Panfletos liberales IV" (2018)

"Diccionario incorrecto de la nueva normalidad" (2020)

Keywords:

Rodriguez-Braun, economist, writer, professor, classical liberal economics, free market, Spain, books, quotes

Elixir:

Antonin Scalia

Biography:

Antonin Gregory Scalia was born on March 11, 1936, in Trenton, New Jersey. He was the only child of Salvatore Eugene Scalia, an Italian immigrant and professor, and Catherine Panaro Scalia, a schoolteacher. Raised in Queens, New York, Scalia attended Xavier High School in Manhattan, a Jesuit military school. He later attended Georgetown University, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1957, and then went on to Harvard Law School, graduating in 1960.

Scalia began his legal career in Cleveland, Ohio, before moving into academia as a law professor at the University of Virginia. His career in public service included positions in the Nixon and Ford administrations, culminating in his appointment to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1982 by President Ronald Reagan. Four years later, in 1986, Reagan nominated him to the U.S. Supreme Court, where he served until his death on February 13, 2016.

As a Supreme Court Justice, Scalia was known for his textualist approach to statutory interpretation and his originalist approach to the Constitution. He often championed the principles of individual liberty and limited government.

Quotes on Liberty Concepts:

Individual Rights: "The Constitution is not a living organism. It's a legal document, and it says what it says and doesn’t say what it doesn’t say."

Originalism: "The Constitution that I interpret and apply is not living but dead, or as I prefer to call it, enduring."

Judicial Restraint: "The judiciary is the most dangerous of the three branches because it is the least responsible."

Separation of Powers: "The framers of the Constitution ... created a structure that would preserve liberty by ensuring that the powers of government would be divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches."

Federalism: "It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous State may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country."

Books Related to Liberty Concepts by Antonin Scalia:

"A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law" - In this book, Scalia discusses his philosophy of textualism and originalism, which are foundational to his views on liberty and the role of the judiciary.

"Scalia Dissents: Writings of the Supreme Court's Wittiest, Most Outspoken Justice" - A collection of Scalia's most memorable dissents, showcasing his views on various legal issues, including those related to individual liberty and constitutional interpretation.

"Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts" (co-authored with Bryan A. Garner) - This book provides a detailed look at Scalia's approach to legal interpretation, with principles that emphasize the protection of liberty through strict adherence to legal texts.

"Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges" (co-authored with Bryan A. Garner) - While primarily a guide for lawyers, this book also reflects Scalia's views on the legal system and the importance of clear, principled argumentation in protecting liberty.

Further Reading:

"Scalia Speaks: Reflections on Law, Faith, and Life Well Lived" - A collection of speeches by Scalia that provides insights into his personal views on law, liberty, and the role of the judiciary in American society.

"American Original: The Life and Constitution of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia" by Joan Biskupic - A comprehensive biography that explores Scalia's influence on the Supreme Court and his steadfast commitment to his legal principles.

Antonin Scalia's legacy in the realm of constitutional interpretation and his impact on the discourse surrounding individual liberties and the role of the judiciary remain influential in American legal thought.

Antonin Scalia was an influential American jurist and legal scholar. Here is some information about his life, notable quotes, and books he authored:

Life:

Antonin Scalia was born on March 11, 1936, in Trenton, New Jersey, United States.

He attended Georgetown University, where he obtained his undergraduate degree in history.

Scalia earned his LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1960 and went on to practice law for several years.

In 1982, President Ronald Reagan nominated Scalia to serve as an associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.

Scalia served on the Supreme Court from September 26, 1986, until his death on February 13, 2016.

Known for his conservative judicial philosophy, Scalia was a strong advocate of textualism and originalism, which emphasized interpreting the Constitution based on its original meaning.

Quotes:

"I am an originalist. I am not a strict constructionist." (On his judicial philosophy)

"I attack ideas. I don't attack people."

"The only good Constitution is a dead Constitution."

"Persuade your fellow citizens it's a good idea and pass a law. That's what democracy is all about. It's not about nine superannuated judges who have been there too long, imposing these demands on society."

Books:

"A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law" (1997): In this book, Scalia explores the theory of textualism and its application to statutory interpretation.

"Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges" (2008): Co-authored with Bryan A. Garner, this book offers insights and advice on legal advocacy and persuading judges effectively.

"Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts" (2012): Scalia and Bryan A. Garner discuss the principles of textualism and offer guidelines for interpreting legal texts, including statutes and constitutions.

Keywords:

Antonin Scalia

Supreme Court

Jurist

Legal scholar

Textualism

Originalism

A Matter of Interpretation

Making Your Case

Reading Law

Benegas-Lynch,

**Biography**

Alberto Benegas Lynch Jr. is a prominent Argentine economist, intellectual, and advocate for classical liberalism. He has made significant contributions to the field of economics through his academic work and public commentary. Benegas Lynch Jr. served as the rector of ESEADE (Graduate School in Economics and Business Administration) for 23 years and is now a professor emeritus at the institution. He has also held positions such as the president of the Department of Economics at the National Academy of Sciences in Argentina and has been an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute. His influence extends into advisory roles for various economic and business organizations in Argentina【7†source】【8†source】.

**Quotes on Liberty Concepts**

Benegas Lynch Jr. has articulated several key ideas on liberty and liberalism. He defines liberalism as "the unrestricted respect for the life project of others, based on the principle of non-aggression and the defense of the right to life, liberty, and property"【8†source】. He emphasizes the importance of reducing public spending, advocating for significant cuts to legislative representation and proposing that senators and deputies serve ad honorem. He also supports the dollarization of the economy and the elimination of the central bank, viewing such institutions as impediments to true economic freedom and prosperity【8†source】.

**Books Related to Liberty Concepts**

Benegas Lynch Jr. has authored numerous books that explore themes related to liberty, free markets, and economic theory. Some notable works include:

1. **"Socialismo de Mercado"** - Analyzes the concept of market socialism.

2. **"La Moneda en Una Sociedad Abierta"** - Discusses the role of money in a free society.

3. **"Hacia Una Teoría Del Autogobierno"** - Explores theories of self-governance.

4. **"Análisis Económico de la Pobreza"** - Provides an economic analysis of poverty.

5. **"Fundamentos de análisis económico"** (1979) - A foundational text on economic analysis.

6. **"Contra la corriente"** (1992) - Addresses counter-current economic theories.

7. **"Hacia el autogobierno: una crítica al poder político"** (1993) - Critiques political power and advocates for self-governance.

8. **"Nacionalismo: cultura de la incultura"** (1995) - Criticizes nationalism from a cultural perspective.

9. **"En defensa de los más necesitados"** (1998) - Defends the needs of the most vulnerable in society【8†source】【9†source】.

Benegas Lynch Jr.'s work has had a profound impact on liberal thought in Argentina and beyond, advocating for economic policies that enhance individual freedom and reduce state intervention.

Alberto Benegas Lynch is an Argentine economist, philosopher, and author known for his liberal and libertarian views. Here is some information on his life, notable quotes, and books:

Life:

Alberto Benegas Lynch was born on August 13, 1935, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He comes from a prominent family of intellectuals and academics. He pursued his higher education at the University of Buenos Aires, where he earned a degree in economics. He later completed a doctorate in economics at the same university.

Throughout his career, Benegas Lynch has held various academic positions, including professorships at universities in Argentina and abroad. He has also been a prolific writer and speaker, advocating for free markets, individual liberty, and limited government intervention.

Quotes:

Here are a few notable quotes attributed to Alberto Benegas Lynch:

"Liberty is not just one value among others. It is the primary value, without which no other value is possible."

"The essence of liberalism is tolerance, respect for others, and the conviction that ideas are debated with arguments and not with force."

"The only possible system of ethics is that which is based on respect for the dignity of each individual."

Books:

Alberto Benegas Lynch has authored numerous books, primarily focused on economics, politics, and philosophy. Some of his notable works include:

"El liberalismo y los límites del poder" (Liberalism and the Limits of Power): In this book, Benegas Lynch explores the principles of classical liberalism and the role of limited government in fostering individual freedom and prosperity.

"Ética y Economía" (Ethics and Economics): This work delves into the relationship between ethics and economics, arguing for the importance of ethical considerations in economic decision-making.

"El presente como problema: Ensayos filosóficos" (The Present as a Problem: Philosophical Essays): This collection of essays covers a wide range of topics, including politics, education, and the philosophy of freedom.

Keywords:

Alberto Benegas Lynch, Argentine economist, philosopher, liberal, libertarian, quotes, books

Elixir: Founding Fathers, Nullius in verba, Positivism, Natural Liberty, Alberdi.

Javier Milei,

Javier Milei is an Argentine economist and politician known for his libertarian views and outspoken style. Here is some information about him:

Life:

Javier Milei was born on December 22, 1969, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He studied economics at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA) and obtained his doctorate in economics from the UBA as well. He has worked as a professor of economics at various universities in Argentina and has also been a researcher at the Argentine National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET).

Milei gained popularity through his appearances on Argentine television and social media, where he passionately defends free-market economics and criticizes government intervention in the economy. He has become a prominent figure in the libertarian movement in Argentina and has gathered a significant following.

In recent years, Milei has also entered the political arena. In 2021, he ran as a candidate for the Argentine Chamber of Deputies representing the "La Libertad Avanza" (Freedom Advances) party. While his party did not secure a significant number of seats, Milei's campaign generated substantial attention and debate.

Quotes:

Javier Milei is known for his provocative and controversial statements. Some notable quotes attributed to him include:

"The state is like the mafia, but without the charm."

"You can't buy happiness, but you can buy liberty, and that's pretty damn close."

"If you don't pay for something, someone else will."

"Capitalism is the only system compatible with human nature."

"Socialism is a recipe for poverty and oppression."

Books:

Javier Milei has authored several books, including:

"Economía para Todos" (Economics for Everyone): In this book, Milei presents economic concepts in a straightforward and accessible manner, aiming to engage a broader audience in understanding economics from a libertarian perspective.

Keywords:

Javier Milei, Argentine economist, libertarian, politician, economics, free-market, government intervention, La Libertad Avanza, quotes, books

Elixir:

Krausse,

Martin Krause is an Argentine economist who is known for his advocacy of libertarian principles and free-market economics. He has made significant contributions to the field of economics, drawing inspiration from influential thinkers such as Juan de Mariana, Vilfredo Pareto, and Adam Smith.

Life:

Martin Krause is an economist from Argentina who has dedicated his career to the study and promotion of free-market economics. He has been actively involved in academia and research, as well as in public policy discussions. Krause has taught economics at various universities and has been a visiting professor at prestigious institutions around the world. He has also served as a consultant for international organizations and has participated in numerous conferences and seminars on economic topics.

Quotes:

"The free market is not a perfect system, but it is the best mechanism we have for allocating resources and promoting prosperity."

"Individuals should have the freedom to make their own economic decisions, without undue interference from the government."

"Liberty and personal responsibility are the foundations of a thriving society."

Books:

Martin Krause has written several books on economics and related topics, including:

"Economía y Libertad: Ensayos en Honor a Ludwig von Mises" (Economics and Liberty: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises): This book explores the ideas of Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises and their relevance to contemporary economic issues.

"El Desarrollo del Pensamiento Económico: Una Historia Crítica" (The Development of Economic Thought: A Critical History): In this book, Krause provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of economic ideas and theories throughout history, critically analyzing their contributions and implications.

"La Escuela Austriaca de Economía en el Siglo XXI" (The Austrian School of Economics in the 21st Century): This book delves into the principles and insights of the Austrian School of Economics, presenting its relevance in the modern economic context.

Keywords:

Economist

Libertarian

Juan de Mariana

Argentine

Pareto

Adam Smith

Free market

Escuela de Verano (Summer School

Elixir:

Kaiser,

Axel Kaiser is a Chilean philosopher, author, and public intellectual. While I couldn't find specific information about his personal life, I can provide you with some details about his work.

Quotes:

"Freedom is not the ability to do whatever we want, but the possibility of living without the interference of others."

"Equality before the law is the only equality compatible with freedom."

"The true enemy of liberty is the concentration of power in the hands of a few."

Books:

"The Path to Freedom: A Libertarian Perspective on Modern Politics" - In this book, Kaiser explores the relationship between freedom and the state, arguing for limited government intervention and individual liberties.

"Cultural Marxism: The Corruption of America" - Kaiser analyzes the influence of cultural Marxism on Western societies and its impact on social, economic, and political issues.

"La tiranía de la igualdad: Por qué el igualitarismo es inmoral y socava el progreso de nuestra sociedad" (The Tyranny of Equality: Why Egalitarianism Is Immoral and Undermines the Progress of Our Society) - This book examines the moral and practical implications of egalitarianism, criticizing its effects on individual freedom and societal progress.

Keywords:

Libertarianism

Limited government

Individual freedom

Cultural Marxism

Egalitarianism

Elixir: Max Webber, Popular Economics,

Rojas,

Mauricio Rojas is a Chilean-Swedish liberal politician, academic, and author. Here is some information about his life, quotes, books, and keywords:

Life:

Mauricio Rojas was born on May 6, 1940, in Santiago, Chile. He studied law at the University of Chile and later earned a Ph.D. in Economic History from Lund University in Sweden. Rojas became politically active during the 1970s in Chile, opposing the socialist government of Salvador Allende. After the military coup led by Augusto Pinochet in 1973, Rojas served as an advisor to the Pinochet regime.

In the 1980s, Rojas moved to Sweden and became a citizen. He continued his academic career and taught at Stockholm University and the Swedish Defense University. Rojas has been associated with liberal and free-market ideologies and has written extensively on economic, political, and historical topics.

Quotes:

Here are a few quotes attributed to Mauricio Rojas:

"The state is not the solution to our problems. It is often the source of them."

"Freedom is not an abstract concept; it is the ability of individuals to make choices and take responsibility for their own lives."

"The free market is not perfect, but it is the best system we have for creating wealth and improving living standards."

Books:

Mauricio Rojas has authored several books, covering a wide range of topics. Some of his notable works include:

"The Other September 11: A Memoir on Chile's Road to Unfreedom" (2013) - In this memoir, Rojas reflects on his experiences during the military coup in Chile and examines the path the country took towards authoritarianism.

"From Pinochet to the Third Way: Neoliberalism and Social Transformation in Chile" (2000) - This book explores the economic and political changes that occurred in Chile during the Pinochet regime and their implications for the country's transition to democracy.

"The Dictatorship and the Market: Chile's Experiment with Neo-liberalism" (1995) - Rojas analyzes the economic policies implemented in Chile during the Pinochet era and their effects on the country's social and economic development.

Keywords:

Mauricio Rojas, liberal, Chilean-Swedish, politician, academic, author, free-market, economic history, Pinochet regime, neoliberalism, Chile.

Elixir:

Bastos,

Life:

Quotes:

Books:

Keywords:

Elixir:

Miguel Anxo Bastos Boubeta is a prominent figure from Galicia, Spain. He is known for his advocacy of anarcho-capitalism (ancap) and his expertise in economics and political science. Bastos Boubeta is a professor at the University of A Coruña and has gained recognition as a thinker in libertarian circles.

He is well-versed in the works of influential libertarian economists such as Murray Rothbard and Jesús Huerta de Soto. Bastos Boubeta's association with the Mises Institute, a prominent libertarian think tank, further showcases his dedication to the principles of Austrian economics and free-market capitalism.

In addition to his academic pursuits, Bastos Boubeta has gained popularity as a YouTube star, using the platform to disseminate his ideas and engage with a wider audience.

Alvarez,

Gloria Álvarez is a Guatemalan political scientist, author, and commentator known for her conservative and libertarian views. She rose to prominence through her viral TEDx talk titled "How to Win the Populist Game" in 2014. Here is some information about her life, notable quotes, and books:

Life:

Gloria Álvarez was born on September 19, 1985, in Guatemala City, Guatemala. She earned a Bachelor's degree in International Relations from the Francisco Marroquín University in Guatemala. Later, she obtained a Master's degree in Public Policy and Administration from the same university.

Álvarez has been actively involved in politics and has advocated for free markets, individual liberty, and limited government. She has spoken at numerous conferences and events around the world, presenting her ideas on political and economic issues.

Quotes:

"The biggest threat to freedom is not socialism or capitalism. It's the belief that only one way is possible."

"Liberty is the only environment where individuals can flourish, and the only one where prosperity is truly sustainable."

"The state doesn't create wealth; it only redistributes it. Wealth is created by individuals in the private sector."

Books:

"El Engaño Populista" (2016) - This book explores the rise of populism and offers insights into strategies to combat its negative effects on societies.

"La Apuesta Liberal: 10 años después" (2020) - In this book, Álvarez reflects on the impact of liberal ideas in Latin America over the past decade, discussing the challenges and opportunities for the region.

Keywords:

Gloria Álvarez, Guatemalan political scientist, author, commentator, conservative, libertarian, TEDx talk, "How to Win the Populist Game," free markets, individual liberty, limited government, socialism, capitalism, wealth creation, El Engaño Populista, La Apuesta Libera

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Haussmann,

Ricardo Hausmann is an economist and academic known for his work in the field of economic development. Here is some information about him:

Life: Ricardo Hausmann was born on November 24, 1956, in Caracas, Venezuela. He earned his Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from Universidad Simón Bolívar in Caracas and later received a Ph.D. in Economics from Cornell University. Hausmann has held several important positions in academia and policymaking. He has been a professor at Harvard University since 2000, where he is the Director of the Center for International Development. He has also served as the Minister of Planning in Venezuela (1992-1993) and as the Chief Economist at the Inter-American Development Bank.

Quotes: Here are a few notable quotes by Ricardo Hausmann:

"Development is not about putting money into poor countries. It's about putting ideas into poor countries."

"There is no blueprint for development. Each country needs to figure out what works best for them."

"Diversity is the most powerful engine of economic growth."

"The right policies at the right time can make a significant difference in the trajectory of a country's development."

Books: Ricardo Hausmann has written extensively on economic development, international finance, and growth. Some of his notable books and publications include:

"The Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity" (with Cesar A. Hidalgo)

"The Other Canon: The History and Geography of Economic Thought" (with Carlo Díaz-Alejandro)

"Economic Complexity and Human Development: How Economic Diversification and Social Networks Drive Success"

"Centuries of Economic Endeavor: Parallel Paths in Japan and Europe and Their Contrast with the Third World" (with Dani Rodrik)

Keywords: Economic development, Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University, Center for International Development, Venezuela, policy-making, economist, books, publications

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Sowell:

### Biography of Thomas Sowell

Thomas Sowell, born on June 30, 1930, in Gastonia, North Carolina, is a prominent American economist, social theorist, and political philosopher. Raised in Harlem, New York, Sowell faced significant challenges early in life, including financial difficulties that interrupted his education. Despite these obstacles, he excelled academically, attending prestigious institutions like Harvard University and earning his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago under the mentorship of George Stigler and Milton Friedman.

Sowell's career has spanned academia, government, and public intellectualism. He has taught at various universities, including Cornell and UCLA, and has been a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University since 1980. Initially a Marxist, his views shifted towards free-market economics after observing the adverse effects of minimum wage laws during a research project in Puerto Rico. This transformation was influenced by thinkers like Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman【7†source】【9†source】.

### Quotes on Liberty

Thomas Sowell is known for his incisive and often provocative quotes on liberty and economic freedom. Here are a few notable ones:

1. "The most basic question is not what is best, but who shall decide what is best."

2. "It is hard to imagine a more stupid or more dangerous way of making decisions than by putting those decisions in the hands of people who pay no price for being wrong."

3. "Freedom has cost too much blood and agony to be relinquished at the cheap price of rhetoric."

These quotes reflect Sowell's belief in individual responsibility, limited government, and the dangers of centralized power【7†source】【9†source】.

### Books Related to Liberty Concepts

Thomas Sowell has written extensively on liberty, economics, and social policy. Some of his most influential books include:

1. **"Basic Economics"** - An accessible introduction to economic principles and their applications in real-world scenarios.

2. **"Knowledge and Decisions"** - Expands on Friedrich Hayek's ideas about the dispersed nature of knowledge in society and the inefficiencies of centralized decision-making.

3. **"The Vision of the Anointed"** - Critiques the assumptions and policies of self-described elites who aim to shape society according to their vision, often with detrimental effects.

4. **"A Conflict of Visions"** - Explores the underlying philosophical differences between liberal and conservative thought.

5. **"Black Rednecks and White Liberals"** - Examines cultural and historical factors influencing social outcomes and critiques popular liberal narratives about race and ethnicity【7†source】【9†source】.

For those interested in a comprehensive look at his life and ideas, Jason L. Riley's biography, **"Maverick: A Biography of Thomas Sowell,"** provides an in-depth exploration of Sowell's intellectual journey and contributions【8†source】.

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Friedman:

### Biography of Milton Friedman

**Milton Friedman** (1912-2006) was an American economist and a leading proponent of free-market capitalism during the 20th century. Born in Brooklyn, New York, to poor Jewish immigrants from Hungary, he displayed exceptional academic talent from an early age. Friedman earned a scholarship to Rutgers University, where he studied mathematics and economics, graduating in 1932. He went on to earn a master's degree from the University of Chicago in 1933 and a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1946.

Friedman’s early career included work with the National Bureau of Economic Research, where he contributed to influential studies on consumer behavior and income distribution. In 1946, he joined the faculty at the University of Chicago, where he would remain for over three decades. During this time, Friedman became a central figure in the "Chicago School" of economics, advocating for minimal government intervention in the economy, monetary policy to control inflation, and free-market principles.

Friedman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy. He was also a prolific writer, contributing regularly to academic journals, popular magazines, and newspapers.

One of his most influential works was "Capitalism and Freedom" (1962), where he argued that economic freedom is a necessary condition for political freedom. His theories influenced major policy decisions, including the end of military conscription in the United States and the adoption of more flexible exchange rates.

After retiring from the University of Chicago, Friedman continued to write and lecture. He also served as an advisor to political leaders worldwide, including U.S. President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

Milton Friedman passed away on November 16, 2006, but his ideas continue to influence economic policies and debates around the world.

### Quotes on Liberty Concepts

1. **"A society that puts equality before freedom will get neither. A society that puts freedom before equality will get a high degree of both."**

- In this quote, Friedman emphasizes the importance of prioritizing freedom over equality to achieve both liberty and fairness.

2. **"The great advances of civilization, whether in architecture or painting, in science or literature, in industry or agriculture, have never come from centralized government."**

- Here, Friedman criticizes the notion of central planning and underscores the role of individual initiative and freedom in fostering progress.

3. **"Underlying most arguments against the free market is a lack of belief in freedom itself."**

- This quote reflects Friedman’s view that skepticism towards free-market economics often stems from a fundamental distrust in the concept of freedom.

4. **"There is nothing as permanent as a temporary government program."**

- Friedman points out the tendency for government interventions, initially introduced as temporary measures, to become entrenched and persistent.

5. **"Freedom in economic arrangements is itself a component of freedom broadly understood, so economic freedom is an end in itself."**

- This quote encapsulates Friedman’s belief that economic freedom is integral to overall personal freedom.

### Books Related to Liberty Concepts by Milton Friedman

1. **"Capitalism and Freedom" (1962)**

- This seminal book outlines Friedman’s argument that economic freedom is a prerequisite for political freedom. He discusses various policy issues, including monetary policy, fiscal policy, education, and welfare, advocating for minimal government intervention.

2. **"Free to Choose: A Personal Statement" (1980)**

- Co-authored with his wife, Rose Friedman, this book explores the role of government in a free society. It was also adapted into a successful television series. The book argues for free-market principles and against government overreach.

3. **"A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960" (1963)**

- Co-authored with Anna J. Schwartz, this book is a detailed empirical study of the role of money in the U.S. economy. It is best known for its analysis of the Great Depression, which Friedman and Schwartz attributed to poor monetary policy by the Federal Reserve.

4. **"The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays" (1969)**

- This collection of essays addresses various topics in monetary economics, discussing the importance of a stable monetary environment for economic freedom and growth.

5. **"Price Theory: A Provisional Text" (1962)**

- This textbook provides an introduction to price theory, a fundamental concept in free-market economics, reflecting Friedman’s clear and accessible teaching style.

### Additional Resources

For further reading on Milton Friedman and his impact on economic thought, consider the following:

- **"Milton Friedman on Economics: Selected Papers"** - A collection of some of Friedman's most important academic papers.

- **"The Collected Works of Milton Friedman"** - A comprehensive compilation of Friedman's writings, including articles, books, and speeches.

- **"Two Lucky People: Memoirs"** - Autobiography co-written by Milton and Rose Friedman, providing personal insights into their lives and work.

Milton Friedman’s contributions to economics and his advocacy for liberty and free-market principles remain influential, shaping economic policies and debates worldwide.

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Chicago School

Ordoliberal Freiburg School

Hayek:

### Friedrich Hayek: Biography

**Full Name:** Friedrich August von Hayek

**Birth Date:** May 8, 1899

**Death Date:** March 23, 1992

**Nationality:** Austrian-British

**Profession:** Economist, Philosopher

#### Early Life and Education

Friedrich Hayek was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, into an academic family. His father, August von Hayek, was a medical doctor and a professor of botany. Hayek's academic journey began at the University of Vienna, where he earned his Doctorate in Law and Political Science in 1921 and his Doctorate in Economics in 1923.

#### Career and Major Contributions

Hayek's career took off in the 1930s when he moved to the London School of Economics (LSE), where he became a prominent figure opposing the Keynesian economics of his time. Hayek's work emphasized the limitations of central planning and the importance of free-market capitalism. His seminal work, "The Road to Serfdom" (1944), warned of the dangers of government overreach and totalitarianism.

Hayek was also a key figure in the development of the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947, which brought together classical liberal economists and intellectuals. He received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974, sharing it with Gunnar Myrdal, for his work on the theory of money and economic fluctuations and his analysis of the interdependence of economic and social phenomena.

#### Later Years and Legacy

In his later years, Hayek continued to write and lecture extensively, producing influential works such as "The Constitution of Liberty" (1960) and the multi-volume "Law, Legislation, and Liberty" (1973-1979). His ideas have had a lasting impact on economic theory, political philosophy, and the policies of governments worldwide.

### Quotes on Liberty by Friedrich Hayek

1. **"The Road to Serfdom" (1944):**

- "The more the state 'plans' the more difficult planning becomes for the individual."

- "Emergencies have always been the pretext on which the safeguards of individual liberty have been eroded."

2. **"The Constitution of Liberty" (1960):**

- "Liberty is essential in order to leave room for the unforeseeable and unpredictable."

- "Freedom granted only when it is known beforehand that its effects will be beneficial is not freedom."

3. **"Law, Legislation, and Liberty" (1973-1979):**

- "The chief evil is unlimited government, and nobody is qualified to wield unlimited power."

### Books Related to Liberty Concepts by Friedrich Hayek

1. **"The Road to Serfdom" (1944)**

- Explores the dangers of centralized planning and the potential for governmental overreach leading to totalitarianism.

2. **"The Constitution of Liberty" (1960)**

- A comprehensive work discussing the principles of a free society, the rule of law, and the limits of government intervention.

3. **"Law, Legislation, and Liberty" (1973-1979)**

- A trilogy that delves into the philosophy of law and the spontaneous order of society. The three volumes are:

- "Rules and Order" (1973)

- "The Mirage of Social Justice" (1976)

- "The Political Order of a Free People" (1979)

4. **"Individualism and Economic Order" (1948)**

- A collection of essays on economic theory and the role of individualism in economic thought.

5. **"The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism" (1988)**

- Critiques the idea that central planning can effectively allocate resources and argues for the superiority of market mechanisms.

### Conclusion

Friedrich Hayek's work remains influential in discussions on economic policy, political theory, and the philosophy of liberty. His advocacy for free markets, individualism, and limited government continues to resonate with proponents of classical liberalism and libertarianism.

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Rothbard:

### Murray Rothbard: Biography and Contributions

#### Biography

Murray Newton Rothbard (1926-1995) was a prominent American economist, political theorist, and a key figure in the 20th-century libertarian movement. Born in the Bronx, New York, Rothbard was the son of Jewish immigrants. He pursued his education at Columbia University, majoring in mathematics and economics. His intellectual journey took a decisive turn when he attended seminars by Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, which deeply influenced his thinking.

Rothbard's career was diverse and impactful. He taught at various institutions, including Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and later, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, where he held an endowed chair as the S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics. He was a prolific writer, contributing over twenty books and numerous articles on political theory, history, and economics. He played a foundational role in establishing the Cato Institute, the Center for Libertarian Studies, and the Ludwig von Mises Institute【5†source】【7†source】.

#### Quotes on Liberty

Murray Rothbard was a staunch advocate for individual liberty and minimal government intervention. Some notable quotes reflecting his views include:

1. "The state is the organization of robbery systematized and writ large."

2. "Without property rights, no other rights are possible."

3. "Freedom means private property, consent, and contract."

These quotes encapsulate his belief in the fundamental importance of property rights and voluntary interactions as the basis of a free society【5†source】【6†source】.

#### Books Related to Liberty Concepts

Rothbard's extensive body of work covers various aspects of liberty, economics, and political theory. Some of his most influential books include:

1. **"Man, Economy, and State" (1962)** - A comprehensive treatise on economic principles from an Austrian School perspective.

2. **"For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto" (1973)** - A seminal work outlining the principles of libertarianism and advocating for a stateless society.

3. **"The Ethics of Liberty" (1982)** - An exploration of natural rights and their application in a free society.

4. **"America’s Great Depression" (1973)** - An analysis of the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, critiquing government intervention.

5. **"Power and Market: Government and the Economy" (1970)** - A discussion on the effects of government intervention in the market.

6. **"The Case Against the Fed" (1994)** - A critical examination of the Federal Reserve system and its impact on the economy.

Rothbard's works remain essential reading for those interested in libertarian thought, anarcho-capitalism, and Austrian economics【7†source】.

### Conclusion

Murray Rothbard's legacy in the fields of economics and libertarian theory is profound. His commitment to individual liberty, property rights, and free-market principles has influenced countless scholars and activists. Through his writings and institutions, Rothbard continues to shape the discourse on freedom and government intervention.

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Berlin:

### Isaiah Berlin: Biography

**Early Life and Education:**

Isaiah Berlin was born on June 6, 1909, in Riga, then part of the Russian Empire (now Latvia). His family moved to Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) in 1915, and they later relocated to Britain in 1921 to escape the turmoil following the Russian Revolution. Berlin attended St. Paul's School in London and later went to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he studied Greats (Classics) and PPE (Philosophy, Politics, and Economics).

**Academic and Professional Career:**

Berlin became a fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, in 1932. During World War II, he worked for the British Diplomatic Service. After the war, he returned to academic life, becoming Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford in 1957. Berlin was known for his clear and engaging lectures, as well as his deep commitment to the principles of pluralism and liberalism.

**Philosophical Contributions:**

Isaiah Berlin is best known for his contributions to political philosophy, particularly his distinction between two concepts of liberty: negative and positive liberty. This distinction was elaborated in his famous essay "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1958), which remains a foundational text in political theory.

Berlin argued that negative liberty is the absence of obstacles, barriers, or constraints one might face, essentially the freedom from interference by others. Positive liberty, on the other hand, is the possibility of acting in such a way as to take control of one's life and realize one's fundamental purposes. He warned against the potential dangers of positive liberty leading to totalitarianism when it becomes a justification for imposing a single vision of the good life on all individuals.

**Later Years and Legacy:**

Berlin received numerous honors, including a knighthood in 1957 and the Order of Merit in 1971. He continued to write and lecture until his death on November 5, 1997. His works have had a lasting impact on the study of political theory, particularly in discussions about freedom, pluralism, and the dangers of authoritarianism.

### Quotes on Liberty Concepts

1. **On Negative Liberty:**

- "The area within which a man can act unobstructed by others is what I call the area of negative liberty."

- "If the liberty of the individual is curtailed to a point where he can no longer choose for himself, but must live in a manner dictated by others, he is no longer free in the negative sense."

2. **On Positive Liberty:**

- "I wish my life and decisions to depend on myself, not on external forces of whatever kind."

- "The 'positive' sense of the word 'liberty' derives from the wish on the part of the individual to be his own master."

3. **On Pluralism:**

- "To understand is to perceive patterns."

- "Life may be seen through many windows, none of them necessarily clear or opaque, less or more distorting than any of the others."

4. **On the Dangers of Positive Liberty:**

- "In its extreme form, this liberty consists in being one's own master, and to be one's own master is to be free of obstacles, whether they be external constraints or internal compulsions."

- "But to be free in this sense it is not enough to remove the obstacles; one must also be able to pursue goals that are genuinely one's own."

### Books Related to Liberty Concepts

1. **"Four Essays on Liberty" (1969)**

- This book is a collection of four of Berlin’s most important essays on liberty, including "Two Concepts of Liberty." It is essential reading for understanding his views on freedom and political theory.

2. **"The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays" (1998)**

- This anthology contains a wide range of Berlin's essays, providing insights into his thoughts on liberty, history, and culture.

3. **"Liberty" (2002)**

- Edited by Henry Hardy, this volume collects Berlin’s major essays on liberty, making it a comprehensive resource on his philosophical views.

4. **"The Hedgehog and the Fox" (1953)**

- Although not directly about liberty, this essay explores different types of thinkers, providing context to Berlin's broader philosophical perspective.

5. **"Russian Thinkers" (1978)**

- This collection of essays explores Russian intellectual history and contains valuable discussions on the ideas of freedom and authority.

6. **"Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas" (1979)**

- This book includes essays on various thinkers and their concepts of liberty and authority, reflecting Berlin’s views on pluralism and intellectual history.

Isaiah Berlin's work continues to be a vital resource for those interested in political philosophy, particularly in discussions about the nature and value of liberty.

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Mises:

### Ludwig von Mises: Biography

**Early Life and Education:**

Ludwig von Mises was born on September 29, 1881, in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine). He came from a prominent Jewish family and his father was a construction engineer. Mises showed an early aptitude for academics and went on to study at the University of Vienna, where he earned his doctorate in law and economics in 1906.

**Career:**

Mises began his professional career at the Vienna Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In 1913, he became a professor at the University of Vienna, where he influenced many students, including Friedrich Hayek. During World War I, Mises served as an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army.

After the war, Mises returned to the Vienna Chamber of Commerce and became deeply involved in the economic debates of the time. He was a vocal critic of socialism and interventionist economic policies. In 1934, due to the rise of Nazism and the political climate in Austria, Mises moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he taught at the Graduate Institute of International Studies.

In 1940, Mises emigrated to the United States to escape the spread of totalitarianism in Europe. He became a visiting professor at New York University, where he continued to write and teach until his retirement.

**Major Works:**

- **"The Theory of Money and Credit" (1912):** This work lays the foundation for Mises' views on monetary theory and his critique of central banking.

- **"Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis" (1922):** Mises offers a comprehensive critique of socialism, arguing that it is economically unfeasible due to the absence of price signals in a planned economy.

- **"Human Action: A Treatise on Economics" (1949):** This magnum opus outlines Mises' praxeology, the science of human action, and defends the principles of the free market.

**Death:**

Ludwig von Mises passed away on October 10, 1973, in New York City. His legacy continues to influence the fields of economics, political philosophy, and libertarian thought.

### Quotes on Liberty Concepts

1. **"Government is essentially the negation of liberty."**

- Mises believed that government intervention in the market disrupts the natural order of human liberty and economic efficiency.

2. **"Liberty is always freedom from the government."**

- For Mises, true liberty means minimal government interference in the lives and economic activities of individuals.

3. **"The champions of socialism call themselves progressives, but they recommend a system which is characterized by rigid observance of routine and by resistance to every kind of improvement."**

- Mises critiques socialism for stifling innovation and progress due to its inherently bureaucratic nature.

4. **"The worst evils which mankind has ever had to endure were inflicted by bad governments."**

- Mises underscores the dangers of government overreach and the historical evidence of governmental abuses of power.

5. **"In a battle between force and an idea, the latter always prevails."**

- He emphasizes the power of ideas and intellectual discourse in overcoming oppressive systems.

### Books Related to Liberty Concepts by Ludwig von Mises

1. **"Human Action: A Treatise on Economics" (1949):**

- A comprehensive analysis of economics from a free-market perspective, defending individual liberty and critiquing government intervention.

2. **"Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis" (1922):**

- Mises' seminal critique of socialism, arguing for the superiority of capitalism in promoting economic efficiency and individual freedom.

3. **"The Theory of Money and Credit" (1912):**

- Explores the relationship between money, credit, and economic cycles, advocating for a free-market approach to monetary policy.

4. **"Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition" (1927):**

- A defense of classical liberalism, promoting individual freedom, limited government, and free markets.

5. **"Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War" (1944):**

- An analysis of the dangers of totalitarianism and the encroachment of state power on individual liberties.

6. **"The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality" (1956):**

- Examines the cultural and psychological roots of anti-capitalist sentiment, defending capitalism as a promoter of freedom and prosperity.

### Conclusion

Ludwig von Mises remains a towering figure in the tradition of classical liberalism and libertarian thought. His works and ideas continue to inspire those who advocate for free markets, individual liberty, and limited government. Through his rigorous economic theories and passionate defense of freedom, Mises has left an indelible mark on the intellectual landscape of the 20th and 21st centuries.

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Roepke:

Wilhelm Röpke was a prominent German economist and social philosopher known for his contributions to the concepts of economic freedom, social market economy, and liberty. His work played a significant role in shaping post-World War II economic policy in Germany and influenced the broader discourse on liberty and economic theory.

### Biography

**Wilhelm Röpke (1899-1966)**

- **Early Life and Education**: Röpke was born on October 10, 1899, in Schwarmstedt, Germany. He studied economics and political science at the universities of Göttingen, Tübingen, and Marburg, earning his doctorate in 1921.

- **Academic Career**: Röpke began his academic career as a lecturer at the University of Jena and later at the University of Graz. He became a professor at the University of Marburg in 1929, where he gained prominence for his economic theories.

- **Exile and Anti-Nazi Stance**: An outspoken critic of the Nazi regime, Röpke left Germany in 1933, moving first to Istanbul and then to Switzerland. In Switzerland, he continued his academic work at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva.

- **Post-War Contributions**: After World War II, Röpke's ideas significantly influenced the economic policies of the Federal Republic of Germany, particularly through his collaboration with Ludwig Erhard, the father of the German economic miracle.

- **Death**: Röpke passed away on February 12, 1966, in Geneva, Switzerland.

### Quotes on Liberty Concepts

1. **On Economic Freedom**:

- "Economic freedom is not the freedom to exploit others, but the freedom to serve them better and to create and maintain a free society."

2. **On the Social Market Economy**:

- "The market economy is not an end in itself but a means to human and social ends. It must be embedded in a framework of moral, legal, and cultural conditions that promote the welfare of all."

3. **On the Role of the State**:

- "The state must create and maintain a framework in which the free market can operate, but it must not interfere with the market’s functioning unless it is to prevent monopoly or other forms of economic power that threaten freedom."

4. **On Liberty and Society**:

- "A free society cannot exist without a sound moral foundation. Liberty requires responsibility and a commitment to the common good."

### Books Related to Liberty Concepts by Röpke

1. **"The Social Crisis of Our Time" (1942)**:

- In this book, Röpke discusses the moral and social crises facing Europe during and after World War II. He advocates for a humane economy that balances free markets with social responsibility.

2. **"Economics of the Free Society" (1937)**:

- Röpke's most famous work, where he outlines his vision of a free market economy tempered by social principles. He argues against both central planning and laissez-faire capitalism, promoting instead a middle way.

3. **"A Humane Economy: The Social Framework of the Free Market" (1958)**:

- This book is a comprehensive critique of both socialism and unbridled capitalism. Röpke emphasizes the need for a market economy embedded within a strong social and moral framework.

4. **"International Order and Economic Integration" (1959)**:

- Röpke explores the relationship between international order and economic integration, advocating for policies that promote free trade while respecting national sovereignty.

5. **"Against the Tide" (1969, posthumously published)**:

- A collection of essays in which Röpke addresses various economic and social issues, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balance between economic efficiency and social justice.

### Further Reading and Analysis

For those interested in delving deeper into Röpke's thoughts on liberty and economics, the following additional readings and analyses are recommended:

- **"The Reawakening of the German Economy" by Wilhelm Röpke**: An insightful analysis of Germany's post-war economic recovery.

- **"Wilhelm Röpke: Swiss Localist, Global Economist" by John Zmirak**: A comprehensive biography that explores Röpke's life, work, and enduring influence.

- **"The Humane Economist: A Wilhelm Röpke Reader" edited by John Zmirak**: A curated selection of Röpke's writings on various economic and social topics.

Röpke's work remains influential among those who advocate for a balanced approach to economic policy, one that promotes freedom while ensuring social responsibility and ethical conduct.

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Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk:

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk was an influential Austrian economist and a prominent figure in the Austrian School of economics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his contributions to economic theory, especially in the areas of capital theory, interest, and the role of time in economics.

### Biography of Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk:

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk was born on February 12, 1851, in Brünn, Moravia (which is now part of the Czech Republic). He studied law and economics at the University of Vienna, where he was influenced by Carl Menger, the founder of the Austrian School of economics. Böhm-Bawerk later served as Minister of Finance in Austria from 1900 to 1904.

### Quotes on Liberty Concepts:

1. "The State, I call it, where all are thieves who do not wear lace on their coats, and where all great men are those who are clever rascals." - Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk

### Books Related to Liberty Concepts by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk:

1. **"Capital and Interest"** (1884) - This work explores the relationship between the amount of capital and the rate of interest in the economy. Böhm-Bawerk develops the idea of time preference and explains how it affects the pricing of capital and interest rates.

2. **"The Positive Theory of Capital"** (1889) - In this book, Böhm-Bawerk expands on his theories of capital and interest, discussing the interplay between saving, investment, and the structure of production. He argues against the labor theory of value and presents a subjective theory of value based on marginal utility.

3. **"Karl Marx and the Close of His System"** (1896) - Although primarily a critique of Karl Marx's economic theories, this work also touches upon themes of liberty and economic freedom. Böhm-Bawerk criticizes Marx's ideas on exploitation and the role of the state in economic affairs.

Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk's contributions to economic theory, particularly in the realms of capital and interest, continue to influence economists and thinkers interested in the principles of liberty and economic freedom. His emphasis on individual choice, time preference, and the productive role of capital has left a lasting legacy in economic thought.

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Menger:

Carl Menger (1840-1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of Economics. He is best known for his work on the theory of marginal utility, which he presented in his seminal book "Principles of Economics" (1871). Menger's ideas laid the foundation for the development of modern economic theory, particularly through his focus on the subjective theory of value, which argues that the value of goods is determined by the individual preferences and circumstances of people rather than by labor or material costs【6†source】【7†source】.

Menger's key contributions include resolving the diamond-water paradox by demonstrating that the value of goods is derived from their ability to satisfy human wants, which vary in importance. This insight led to the understanding that both sides gain from voluntary exchanges in the market, emphasizing the productive role of middlemen in facilitating trade【6†source】. His work on the development of money described how widely accepted commodities naturally evolved into money to overcome the inefficiencies of barter systems【6†source】.

Menger was also a pivotal figure in the "Methodenstreit" (method dispute) against the German Historical School, advocating for the use of theoretical frameworks in economic research over purely empirical methods【8†source】. His methodological arguments were critical in establishing economics as a discipline grounded in theory.

### Notable Works

1. **Principles of Economics (1871)** - This book introduced the concept of marginal utility and the subjective theory of value.

2. **Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences (1883)** - A defense of theoretical economics against the German Historical School.

3. **On the Origin of Money (1892)** - An essay explaining the natural development of money from barter systems【8†source】.

### Quotes on Liberty

While specific quotes from Carl Menger directly addressing liberty are less common, his work underpins much of the modern economic arguments for free markets and individual choice. His emphasis on the subjective value of goods and the importance of voluntary exchange strongly supports the principles of economic liberty and minimal government intervention.

For further exploration of Carl Menger's ideas and his influence on economic thought, you can refer to sources like Econlib and the Austrian Economics Center【6†source】【7†source】.

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Bastiat:

### Life of Frédéric Bastiat

Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) was a French economist, writer, and prominent advocate for classical liberalism and free markets. He was born in Bayonne, France, and raised in the region of Aquitaine. Bastiat's career began in business, where he worked as a merchant and farmer, but he later turned his focus to economics and politics.

Bastiat became widely known for his clear and compelling arguments against protectionism and for free trade. He contributed numerous articles to journals and newspapers and was elected to the French National Assembly in 1848. His work, particularly in exposing the fallacies of economic protectionism and socialism, earned him recognition as a leading intellectual of his time. Bastiat’s writings remain influential, particularly among libertarians and advocates of free-market economics.

Bastiat’s most famous works include "The Law," "Economic Sophisms," and "What is Seen and What is Not Seen." He is remembered for his ability to elucidate economic principles in a way that was both accessible and persuasive.

### Quotes on Liberty by Frédéric Bastiat

1. **"The state is the great fiction by which everyone endeavors to live at the expense of everyone else."**

- From "The State" (L'État), 1848.

2. **"When plunder becomes a way of life for a group of men in a society, over the course of time they create for themselves a legal system that authorizes it and a moral code that glorifies it."**

- From "Economic Sophisms" (Sophismes économiques), 1845.

3. **"Life, liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place."**

- From "The Law" (La Loi), 1850.

4. **"Government is the great fiction through which everybody endeavors to live at the expense of everybody else."**

- From "Government," a pamphlet, 1848.

5. **"The worst thing that can happen to a good cause is not to be skillfully attacked, but to be ineptly defended."**

- This quote illustrates Bastiat's belief in the importance of strong, logical arguments in the defense of liberty and free markets.

### Books on Liberty by Frédéric Bastiat

1. **"The Law" (La Loi)**

- Published in 1850, this is perhaps Bastiat’s most famous work. It is a powerful critique of socialism and a defense of the principles of natural law, personal freedom, and private property.

2. **"Economic Sophisms" (Sophismes économiques)**

- A collection of essays written between 1845 and 1848, this book critiques various economic fallacies and argues for free trade and against protectionism.

3. **"What is Seen and What is Not Seen" (Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas)**

- Published in 1850, this essay introduces the concept of opportunity cost and the unseen consequences of economic actions. It is best known for the parable of the broken window.

4. **"Harmonies of Political Economy" (Harmonies économiques)**

- This work, left incomplete due to Bastiat’s death in 1850, aimed to explain the natural harmony of the free market and the benefits of economic freedom.

### Further Reading

- **"Selected Essays on Political Economy"**

- A collection of some of Bastiat’s most influential essays, providing a comprehensive overview of his economic philosophy.

- **"The Bastiat Collection"**

- A compilation of Bastiat's most significant works, available in a single volume, often used for comprehensive study of his ideas on liberty and economics.

### Influence and Legacy

Bastiat's clear and accessible writing style, combined with his use of wit and logic, made his works widely read and influential. His ideas continue to inspire economists, libertarians, and advocates of free-market policies. Through his critique of protectionism and his defense of individual liberty and free trade, Bastiat remains a seminal figure in classical liberal thought.

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Modern Judeo-Christian minds period:

Churchill:

### Winston Churchill's Life

**Early Life:**

- **Born:** November 30, 1874, in Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England.

- **Family:** Son of Lord Randolph Churchill and Jennie Jerome. His father was a prominent Conservative politician, and his mother was an American socialite.

- **Education:** Attended Harrow School and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.

**Military Career:**

- Served as a war correspondent and military officer in various conflicts, including the Cuban War of Independence, the Malakand Field Force, the Sudan Campaign, and the Second Boer War.

- Captured and made a daring escape during the Boer War, which brought him national fame.

**Political Career:**

- **Early Career:** Entered Parliament as a Conservative MP for Oldham in 1900, but later switched to the Liberal Party.

- **Key Positions:** Served in several important roles including First Lord of the Admiralty, Minister of Munitions, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Prime Minister.

- **Prime Minister:** Held the office twice (1940-1945 and 1951-1955). His leadership during World War II was crucial to the Allied victory.

**Later Life and Death:**

- Authored many books, including his memoirs and histories.

- Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953.

- Died on January 24, 1965, and was given a state funeral.

### Quotes on Liberty by Winston Churchill

1. **"We shall fight on the beaches."**

- *Context:* Speech given on June 4, 1940, in the House of Commons. Reflects his unwavering commitment to fight for freedom against Nazi Germany.

*Quote:* "We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and

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Tatcher:

### Margaret Thatcher's Life

#### Early Life and Education

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, née Roberts, was born on October 13, 1925, in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. She was the daughter of a grocer and developed a strong work ethic and conservative values from an early age. She attended Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School and later studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, where she became president of the Oxford University Conservative Association.

#### Political Career

Margaret Thatcher entered politics in the early 1950s, becoming the Conservative Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959. She quickly rose through the ranks of the Conservative Party, serving in various ministerial positions. In 1975, she became the leader of the Conservative Party, and in 1979, she became the first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, a position she held until 1990.

Thatcher's tenure was marked by her strong conservative policies, often referred to as "Thatcherism." These included deregulation, privatization of state-owned companies, reducing the power of trade unions, and cutting taxes. Her government emphasized individual responsibility, free markets, and a reduced role for the state.

#### Key Achievements

- **Economic Reform:** Thatcher implemented significant economic changes, reducing inflation and reviving the British economy. Her policies, though controversial, led to increased economic growth and a more dynamic private sector.

- **Falklands War:** In 1982, Thatcher led the UK to victory in the Falklands War, enhancing her popularity and solidifying her reputation as a strong leader.

- **End of the Cold War:** Thatcher played a key role in the final stages of the Cold War, working closely with US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

#### Later Life and Legacy

After resigning as Prime Minister in 1990, Thatcher remained active in public life, giving speeches and writing books. She was appointed a life peer as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven in 1992. She passed away on April 8, 2013.

Thatcher's legacy is mixed; she is revered by many for revitalizing the British economy and standing firm on her principles but criticized by others for increasing inequality and social division.

### Quotes on Liberty

Margaret Thatcher was known for her strong views on liberty and individual freedom. Here are some notable quotes:

1. **"There can be no liberty unless there is economic liberty."**

- This quote encapsulates her belief that economic freedom is fundamental to personal and political freedom.

2. **"The problem with socialism is that you eventually run out of other people's money."**

- A reflection of her belief in fiscal conservatism and skepticism of state intervention.

3. **"Free enterprise has enabled the creative and the industrious to come up with products and services that have transformed the lives of the people across the globe."**

- Highlighting her faith in free markets and individual entrepreneurship as drivers of progress and liberty.

4. **"I am in politics because of the conflict between good and evil, and I believe that in the end, good will triumph."**

- Demonstrates her moral conviction and belief in the righteousness of her political stance.

### Writing on Liberty

Margaret Thatcher authored several works in which she articulated her views on liberty, government, and economics:

#### "The Downing Street Years" (1993)

In her memoir, Thatcher reflects on her time as Prime Minister, discussing her policies, decisions, and the principles that guided her leadership. She defends her economic policies and their role in promoting freedom and prosperity.

#### "The Path to Power" (1995)

This book covers Thatcher's early life and career up to her rise to Prime Minister. It provides insight into her development as a politician and her steadfast commitment to conservative principles, including liberty and free enterprise.

#### "Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World" (2002)

In "Statecraft," Thatcher explores global politics and international relations, emphasizing the importance of national sovereignty, individual liberty, and the dangers of overreliance on supranational entities.

Throughout her writings, Thatcher consistently argued that personal freedom and economic liberty are essential for a prosperous and just society. She maintained that government should play a limited role, allowing individuals to make their own choices and thrive in a free market economy.

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Borges,

### Jorge Luis Borges: Life and Writings on Liberty

#### Life of Jorge Luis Borges

Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges was born on August 24, 1899, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and died on June 14, 1986, in Geneva, Switzerland. Borges was a prolific writer, renowned for his contributions to literature in the form of essays, short stories, and poems. He is best known for his works that blend philosophy, literature, and fantasy, creating rich, imaginative worlds that explore the nature of reality, identity, and knowledge.

Borges's family was highly intellectual, and he grew up in a multilingual environment, learning English before Spanish. This diverse linguistic background influenced his literary career significantly. His father, a lawyer and psychologist, introduced Borges to a wide array of literature, while his mother, who lived to be 99, played a pivotal role in his life, especially as his eyesight deteriorated.

In the 1930s, Borges began to suffer from a congenital condition that led to near blindness by the age of 55. Despite this, he continued to write and lecture, often relying on the help of assistants and friends. Borges's literary output includes "Ficciones" (1944) and "El Aleph" (1949), collections of short stories that are considered masterpieces of 20th-century literature.

#### Quotes on Liberty

Jorge Luis Borges had a profound appreciation for liberty, often reflecting on its philosophical dimensions and its importance in human life. Here are some notable quotes:

1. **"Nothing is built on stone; all is built on sand, but we must build as if the sand were stone."**

- This quote highlights the transient nature of existence and the importance of striving for permanence and stability, a metaphor for the pursuit of liberty and enduring principles in a changing world.

2. **"To die for a religion is easier than to live it absolutely."**

- Borges suggests that true liberty and commitment involve the daily practice and embodiment of one's beliefs rather than the ultimate sacrifice, emphasizing the ongoing nature of the struggle for liberty.

3. **"I have always imagined that Paradise will be a kind of library."**

- While not directly about liberty, this quote underscores Borges's belief in the freedom of knowledge and the power of literature to liberate the mind.

#### Writings on Liberty

Borges's reflections on liberty are often interwoven with his broader philosophical inquiries. He explored themes of free will, determinism, and the constraints of human existence within his fiction and essays.

1. **"The Garden of Forking Paths"** (1941)

- This story presents a labyrinthine structure that symbolizes the myriad possibilities of choice and the complexity of free will. Borges uses the motif of a garden of diverging paths to illustrate the concept of parallel universes and the freedom of decision-making.

2. **"The Library of Babel"** (1941)

- In this story, Borges creates an infinite library containing all possible books, representing the vastness of knowledge and the freedom of intellectual exploration. The library's endless corridors and the search for meaning within it can be seen as a metaphor for the quest for liberty.

3. **"The Aleph"** (1945)

- This story features a point in space that contains all other points, a place where one can see everything in the universe simultaneously. Borges explores the tension between the infinite possibilities of knowledge and the individual's capacity to comprehend and choose freely within that vast expanse.

#### Conclusion

Jorge Luis Borges's life and work reflect a deep engagement with the concept of liberty, both personal and intellectual. His writings often challenge readers to consider the nature of freedom, choice, and the pursuit of knowledge, offering a rich tapestry of ideas that continue to resonate in discussions about liberty and human existence. Through his intricate stories and profound philosophical musings, Borges remains a vital voice in the ongoing conversation about what it means to be truly free.

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Vargas-Llosa,

Mario Vargas Llosa, born on March 28, 1936, in Arequipa, Peru, is a celebrated writer, politician, and journalist. He is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, often associated with the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s. His works are renowned for their exploration of social and political issues, blending fiction with historical and political realities.

### Early Life and Career

Vargas Llosa grew up in Peru and Bolivia, facing a challenging childhood marked by his parents' separation. He attended the National University of San Marcos in Lima, where he studied literature and law. His first major work, "The Time of the Hero" (1963), drew from his experiences at a military academy and brought him international recognition.

### Literary Contributions

Vargas Llosa's novels often delve into the complexities of human nature, politics, and society. Some of his most famous works include:

1. **"Conversation in the Cathedral" (1969)** - A critique of Peruvian society and politics during the dictatorship of Manuel A. Odría.

2. **"The War of the End of the World" (1981)** - A historical novel based on the War of Canudos in Brazil.

3. **"The Feast of the Goat" (2000)** - An exploration of the Trujillo dictatorship in the Dominican Republic.

4. **"Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter" (1977)** - A semi-autobiographical novel that humorously explores the life of a young writer.

### Political Career

Vargas Llosa has also been deeply involved in politics. In 1990, he ran for the presidency of Peru as the candidate for the center-right coalition, the Democratic Front (FREDEMO), but lost to Alberto Fujimori. His political involvement reflects his long-standing interest in liberty and democracy, themes that permeate his literary and journalistic work.

### Quotes on Liberty

Vargas Llosa is a staunch advocate for liberty, democracy, and individual rights. Some of his notable quotes include:

1. "Liberty is not only a right but a duty, and that without liberty there can be no progress and no dignity."

2. "I am not interested in power for power's sake, but for the sake of people."

3. "Without democracy, freedom is a chimera."

### Writings on Liberty

Vargas Llosa's essays and articles often address the themes of liberty and free expression. His collection of essays, "Touchstones: Essays on Literature, Art, and Politics" (2007), includes reflections on the importance of freedom in both literature and society. In these writings, he argues that literature should challenge authority and conventions, fostering critical thinking and individual autonomy.

### Nobel Prize in Literature

In 2010, Vargas Llosa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat. The Nobel Committee highlighted his role in revealing the power dynamics within society and his unwavering commitment to human freedom.

### Legacy

Mario Vargas Llosa's work transcends the boundaries of literature and politics, offering profound insights into the human condition and the perennial struggle for liberty. His legacy is that of a writer and thinker who consistently championed the values of freedom, democracy, and human dignity.

For more detailed analysis or specific quotes from his works, diving into his essays or interviews can provide a richer understanding of his perspectives on liberty and democracy.

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Sábato

Ernesto Sabato was an Argentine writer, painter, and physicist, best known for his novels and essays that explore existential and psychological themes. His views on liberty were deeply influenced by his experiences and observations of totalitarian regimes and social injustices. Here’s an overview of his life, some quotes on liberty attributed to him, and his writings related to the concept:

### Life of Ernesto Sabato:

Ernesto Sabato was born on June 24, 1911, in Rojas, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. He studied physics at the National University of La Plata and later earned a PhD in physics. Sabato worked as a researcher and published scientific papers before turning to literature and painting.

### Quotes on Liberty:

1. **On Individuality and Freedom**: "Liberty is the essence of what it means to be a human being. It is not negotiable."

2. **On Social Justice and Liberty**: "True liberty is not merely the right to be free but also the power to be what you want to be."

3. **On the Responsibilities of Liberty**: "Liberty is not a gift; it is a responsibility."

4. **On the Importance of Liberty in Society**: "A society that limits liberty as a means of achieving security will lose both."

### Writings on Liberty:

Sabato’s writings often reflected his concerns about totalitarianism, oppression, and the struggle for personal and societal freedom. His novels and essays delve into the complexities of human relationships and the psychological consequences of political repression. Key works include:

1. **"El Túnel" (The Tunnel)**: Sabato’s first novel, published in 1948, explores themes of alienation and existential crisis. Though not explicitly about political liberty, it delves into the psychological dimensions of personal freedom and identity.

2. **"Sobre héroes y tumbas" (On Heroes and Tombs)**: This novel, published in 1961, combines psychological introspection with social and political critique. It reflects Sabato’s concerns about Argentina’s political climate and the search for truth and freedom amidst societal decay.

3. **Essays and Non-Fiction**: Sabato also wrote numerous essays and non-fiction works where he discussed liberty, justice, and the human condition. His essay collections often include reflections on the importance of individual freedom and the dangers of ideological tyranny.

Ernesto Sabato’s writings and quotes on liberty resonate deeply with themes of individual autonomy, social justice, and the existential struggle for meaning and freedom. His works continue to be studied and celebrated for their insight into the complexities of human existence and the quest for liberty in all its forms.

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Semi iliberals..neutrals?

saving best ideas to use in our behalf

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell

Max Weber

Max Weber, a prominent figure in sociology and political theory, lived from 1864 to 1920. He is known for his contributions to the understanding of bureaucracy, authority, and the rationalization of society. While he is not primarily known as a philosopher of liberty in the way that some other thinkers might be, his works do touch upon themes of freedom, authority, and the role of individuals in society.

### Life of Max Weber:

Max Weber was born in Erfurt, Germany, into a wealthy and politically active family. He studied law, economics, and history at the universities of Heidelberg, Berlin, and Göttingen. His academic career was marked by a diverse range of interests, including the study of religion, politics, and economics.

Weber's most famous works include "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1905), where he explores the connections between Protestant religious beliefs and the rise of capitalism, and "Economy and Society" (1922), which was published posthumously and is considered one of the foundational works in sociology.

### Quotes on Liberty:

While Max Weber did not focus explicitly on liberty as a central theme, his writings often touch upon related concepts such as authority, power, and individual freedom within the context of societal structures. Here are a few quotes that reflect his thinking on these topics:

1. **On Bureaucracy and Liberty**: "Bureaucracy is a means of managing social control and individual liberty. It is an efficient form of organization, but it can also be dehumanizing."

2. **On Authority and Freedom**: "Authority is the legitimate use of power, but it can restrict individual freedom when it becomes too centralized and oppressive."

3. **On Rationalization and Society**: "The rationalization of society leads to increased efficiency and predictability, but it can also undermine personal freedoms and creativity."

### Weber's Writing on Liberty:

Weber's perspective on liberty can be inferred from his broader discussions on bureaucracy, rationalization, and authority. He was concerned with how modern institutions and rational systems impact individual freedom:

1. **Bureaucracy**: Weber analyzed bureaucracy as a dominant form of organization in modern societies. While bureaucracy can ensure efficiency and fairness, it also tends to limit individual liberty by imposing strict rules and procedures.

2. **Rationalization**: Weber explored how the rationalization of social and economic life, characterized by the application of rational calculation and technical efficiency, can lead to a loss of personal autonomy and freedom. In highly rationalized systems, individuals often conform to standardized norms and roles, limiting their ability to act freely.

3. **Authority**: Weber distinguished between different types of authority—traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational—and discussed how each type can either support or undermine individual liberties. For example, while legal-rational authority (such as that found in bureaucratic systems) can provide a framework for predictable governance, it can also restrict individual freedoms when wielded excessively.

In summary, Max Weber's work provides valuable insights into the complexities of modern societal structures and their impact on individual liberty. While he did not focus explicitly on liberty in the manner of some other philosophers, his writings remain influential in understanding the dynamics between authority, bureaucracy, and freedom in contemporary society.

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Bertrand Russell

### Bertrand Russell: A Brief Biography

**Bertrand Russell** (1872-1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, and political activist. Born into an aristocratic family, Russell's life spanned nearly a century of significant social, political, and intellectual changes. He was one of the foremost intellectuals of the 20th century and made significant contributions to a variety of fields, including logic, philosophy of mathematics, and social theory.

Russell was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he excelled in mathematics and philosophy. His early work, particularly his collaboration with Alfred North Whitehead on *Principia Mathematica*, sought to ground mathematics in logic and is considered a seminal work in analytic philosophy.

### Quotes on Liberty

Bertrand Russell was a passionate advocate for personal and political liberty. Here are some notable quotes reflecting his views on liberty:

1. **"Freedom of opinion can only exist when the government thinks itself secure."**

- This quote underscores Russell's belief that true freedom of expression is often suppressed by governments that feel threatened by dissenting opinions.

2. **"The fundamental cause of trouble in the world today is that the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt."**

- This statement reflects Russell's concern with dogmatism and its impact on freedom of thought.

3. **"To fear love is to fear life, and those who fear life are already three parts dead."**

- Russell links the concept of liberty to personal emotions and the necessity of embracing life fully to experience true freedom.

4. **"I believe that the abolition of private property is a necessary condition for the full development of human beings."**

- Although controversial, this quote illustrates Russell's belief that social and economic structures need to be reformed to achieve genuine liberty.

5. **"The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser people so full of doubts."**

- This reiterates his distrust of absolute certainty and emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and skepticism for maintaining liberty.

### Writings on Liberty

Russell's writings on liberty cover a broad range of topics from political theory to personal freedom. Some of his significant works on the subject include:

1. **"On Liberty and Necessity" (1912)**

- In this work, Russell explores the concepts of free will and determinism. He argues for a form of compatibilism where freedom and determinism are not mutually exclusive.

2. **"Political Ideals" (1917)**

- This book outlines Russell's vision of a society based on liberty, justice, and the promotion of individual creativity. He criticizes both capitalism and state socialism, advocating for a form of guild socialism.

3. **"The Principles of Social Reconstruction" (1916)**

- Here, Russell discusses the social and political changes necessary to achieve a more just and free society. He emphasizes the importance of education, economic reform, and the reduction of militarism.

4. **"Power: A New Social Analysis" (1938)**

- Russell examines the concept of power and its implications for liberty. He argues that power is a fundamental force in social relations and that understanding its dynamics is crucial for promoting freedom.

5. **"The Conquest of Happiness" (1930)**

- Although primarily a self-help book, Russell's exploration of the sources of happiness touches on the importance of personal freedom and the conditions necessary for a fulfilling life.

### Conclusion

Bertrand Russell's thoughts on liberty are deeply intertwined with his broader philosophical and social views. He believed that true liberty involves not only political freedoms but also the conditions for personal and intellectual growth. His advocacy for reason, skepticism, and social reform remains influential, continuing to inspire discussions on liberty and justice in contemporary society.

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Sartre:

Jean-Paul Sartre was a prominent French philosopher, playwright, novelist, and existentialist thinker. His writings on liberty, or freedom, are central to his existential philosophy. Here are some key ideas and quotes related to life and liberty from Sartre's work:

### Sartre's Philosophy on Life and Liberty

#### 1. **Existence Precedes Essence**

One of Sartre's most famous assertions is that "existence precedes essence." This means that individuals are not born with a predefined purpose or nature. Instead, they create their own essence through actions and choices. This concept underscores the absolute freedom and responsibility each person has in shaping their own life.

#### 2. **Radical Freedom and Responsibility**

Sartre argued that humans are "condemned to be free." This freedom is radical and absolute, meaning that individuals always have a choice, even in seemingly constrained situations. With this freedom comes the weight of responsibility, as individuals must own their actions and the consequences that follow.

#### 3. **Bad Faith (Mauvaise foi)**

Sartre introduced the concept of "bad faith" to describe the act of self-deception, where individuals lie to themselves to escape the anxiety associated with absolute freedom. By denying their freedom and responsibility, people avoid facing the full implications of their existence.

#### 4. **Authenticity**

Living authentically, according to Sartre, means acknowledging and embracing one's freedom and the responsibility it entails. An authentic life is one where individuals act in accordance with their true self, rather than conforming to external pressures or societal expectations.

### Quotes on Liberty and Life

1. **On Freedom and Responsibility:**

- "Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does."

- "Freedom is what you do with what's been done to you."

2. **On Existence and Essence:**

- "Existence precedes essence" means that we first exist and through our actions, we define who we are.

3. **On Bad Faith:**

- "Bad faith is lying to oneself. It is what happens when we deny our own freedom and deceive ourselves about our true motives."

4. **On Authenticity:**

- "To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment."

5. **On Anguish and Freedom:**

- "Anguish is the feeling of being responsible for our own decisions, knowing that our choices shape not only our own destiny but the destiny of others."

### Sartre's Writings on Liberty

#### "Being and Nothingness" (1943)

In this seminal work, Sartre delves into the nature of human existence, freedom, and consciousness. He explores the concept of "nothingness" and how humans confront the void of a predetermined essence, making liberty and choice central themes.

#### "Existentialism is a Humanism" (1946)

This essay serves as an accessible introduction to Sartre's existentialism. It articulates the idea that humans are fundamentally free and bear the full weight of creating meaning in an otherwise indifferent universe.

#### "The Roads to Freedom" Trilogy

This series of novels, including "The Age of Reason" (1945), "The Reprieve" (1945), and "Iron in the Soul" (1949), explores the lives of characters grappling with their freedom and the responsibilities that come with it, set against the backdrop of World War II.

### Conclusion

Sartre's exploration of liberty is deeply intertwined with his existential philosophy. He challenges individuals to confront their freedom, accept responsibility for their actions, and live authentically. His thoughts on liberty continue to influence contemporary discussions on free will, ethics, and human identity.

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Schopenhauer:

Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher known for his pessimistic philosophy, has written extensively on various topics, including life and liberty. Here’s an overview of his thoughts on these subjects:

### Life

Schopenhauer is perhaps best known for his bleak view of life, influenced heavily by Buddhism and Eastern philosophy. He saw life as filled with suffering and dissatisfaction, driven by endless desires that can never be fully satisfied.

- **Will to Live:** Central to Schopenhauer’s philosophy is the concept of the "will to live" (Wille zum Leben), an irrational force driving all living beings. He believed that this blind, insatiable will is the source of all suffering because it perpetually strives for more, causing pain and frustration.

- **Pessimism:** Schopenhauer's outlook on life was deeply pessimistic. He argued that suffering is inherent to human existence and that happiness is merely the temporary cessation of pain.

- **Aesthetic Experience and Contemplation:** Despite his pessimism, Schopenhauer believed that moments of respite from the suffering of life could be found in aesthetic experiences, such as art and music, and in moments of deep contemplation and philosophical insight.

### Quotes on Liberty

Schopenhauer did not focus extensively on political liberty in the way that some other philosophers did, but he did have thoughts on personal freedom and the constraints placed upon it by human nature and society.

1. **Personal Freedom:** Schopenhauer believed that true freedom is an inner state, achieved through the denial of the will. By minimizing our desires and attachments, we can achieve a form of inner peace and liberation.

- "Man can do what he wills but he cannot will what he wills."

2. **Illusion of Free Will:** He argued that free will is an illusion because our actions are determined by our character and desires, which are beyond our conscious control.

- "Everyone takes the limits of his own vision for the limits of the world."

3. **Liberty and Necessity:** In his essay "On the Freedom of the Will," Schopenhauer discusses the tension between liberty and necessity, concluding that while we feel free in our decisions, our actions are ultimately determined by internal and external factors.

### Writings on Liberty

In his philosophical essays and main works, Schopenhauer touches upon the concept of liberty primarily in the context of free will and personal autonomy.

- **"On the Freedom of the Will"**: This essay is part of his larger work, *The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason*. In it, Schopenhauer argues that while humans perceive themselves as free agents, their actions are actually determined by prior causes and their own inherent nature.

- **"The World as Will and Representation"**: This is Schopenhauer’s seminal work, where he elaborates on his metaphysical view of the world as driven by an irrational will. Here, he explores the nature of human suffering and the concept of liberation through aesthetic experience and ascetic renunciation of desires.

Schopenhauer’s perspective on liberty is closely tied to his overall philosophical outlook, emphasizing the constraints imposed by our own nature and the world, and suggesting that true freedom comes from within, through the overcoming of our own desires and the realization of the limits of our will.

Keywords

Elixir

Kierkegaard:

Søren Kierkegaard, a Danish philosopher and theologian, is often regarded as the father of existentialism. His work delves into themes of individuality, faith, and the complexities of human existence. Below are insights into his thoughts on life, some key quotes related to liberty, and an overview of his writings on liberty.

### Life and Philosophy

Kierkegaard's life (1813-1855) was marked by a deep engagement with existential and theological questions. He was critical of both the Hegelian philosophy of his time and the established Danish church. Kierkegaard believed that truth is subjective and that each individual must find their own path in life through personal experience and choice. This emphasis on individuality and subjective truth became foundational to existentialist thought.

### Quotes on Liberty

1. **Individual Freedom and Responsibility**:

- "Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom."

- This quote highlights the existentialist idea that freedom comes with the burden of choice and responsibility. Kierkegaard saw anxiety as a natural response to the awareness of one's freedom and the possibilities it entails.

2. **Subjective Truth**:

- "Truth is subjectivity."

- Kierkegaard argued that truth is not a matter of objective fact but is instead rooted in personal experience and perspective. This underscores the importance of personal liberty in seeking and understanding truth.

3. **Faith and Freedom**:

- "To dare is to lose one's footing momentarily. Not to dare is to lose oneself."

- This quote reflects the existentialist theme of taking risks and making choices despite uncertainty. It speaks to the idea that true freedom involves the courage to make decisions and embrace the consequences.

### Writings on Liberty

Kierkegaard's writings on liberty are scattered across his various works, often intertwined with his discussions on faith, ethics, and existential choices. Some key works that touch on these themes include:

1. **"Either/Or" (1843)**:

- This book explores the aesthetic and ethical stages of life. The aesthetic life is one of personal pleasure and immediate satisfaction, while the ethical life is characterized by commitment and responsibility. Kierkegaard suggests that true liberty involves moving beyond mere hedonism to embrace ethical choices and personal commitment.

2. **"Fear and Trembling" (1843)**:

- In this work, Kierkegaard examines the story of Abraham and Isaac, focusing on the concept of the "leap of faith." He argues that true freedom is found in faith, which requires a personal and sometimes paradoxical commitment beyond rational understanding.

3. **"The Concept of Anxiety" (1844)**:

- Here, Kierkegaard delves into the notion of anxiety as it relates to freedom. He posits that anxiety arises from the potential for freedom and the infinite possibilities it presents. This work explores the psychological and existential dimensions of liberty.

4. **"The Sickness Unto Death" (1849)**:

- This book discusses despair and the self's relationship with God. Kierkegaard argues that despair is a result of failing to realize one's true self, which is found in a relationship with the divine. Freedom, in this context, is about embracing one's spiritual identity and purpose.

### Conclusion

Kierkegaard's exploration of liberty is deeply tied to his existential and theological concerns. He views true freedom as the capacity to make authentic choices, confront anxiety, and embrace one's subjective truth. His writings challenge readers to consider the profound responsibilities that come with freedom and the importance of personal faith and commitment.

Keywords

Elixir

Martin Heidegger:

### Life of Martin Heidegger

Martin Heidegger was born on September 26, 1889, in Messkirch, Germany. He grew up in a Catholic household and initially studied theology before turning to philosophy. He pursued his higher education at the University of Freiburg, where he completed a doctoral thesis on psychologism. Heidegger's academic career progressed rapidly, and he became an assistant to Edmund Husserl, a key influence on his philosophical development. In 1923, Heidegger secured a professorship at the University of Marburg, where he worked until returning to Freiburg to succeed Husserl in 1928【7†source】【9†source】.

### Quotes on Liberty

Martin Heidegger did not directly focus on the concept of liberty in the traditional political sense. However, his philosophical inquiries into the nature of being and human existence touch on themes of freedom and authenticity. One of his central ideas is that true freedom involves confronting one's own mortality and making authentic choices that are true to oneself, rather than conforming to societal expectations. In his seminal work "Being and Time," Heidegger explores the idea of "being-towards-death," which emphasizes the importance of individual responsibility and the existential freedom to shape one's own life【8†source】.

### Writings on Liberty

Heidegger's views on liberty are implicit in his broader philosophical discussions, particularly in his critiques of modernity and technology. In "The Question Concerning Technology," Heidegger argues that modern technology enframes the world, reducing nature and humanity to mere resources. This enframing limits true freedom by constraining our relationship with the world and ourselves. Heidegger suggests that a more reflective and poetic engagement with existence can restore a sense of freedom by reconnecting us with the deeper essence of being【8†source】.

Heidegger's exploration of liberty is thus intertwined with his broader existential and ontological inquiries. His focus on authenticity and the existential conditions of human life provide a unique perspective on freedom that goes beyond political and social definitions, aiming instead at a deeper, philosophical understanding of human existence【9†source】.

Keywords

Elixir

Nietzsche: Friedrich Nietzsche, a profound philosopher of the 19th century, had a complex and often provocative relationship with the concepts of life and liberty. His writings reflect a deep engagement with these themes, challenging traditional notions and urging individuals to rethink their understanding of freedom and existence.

### Life

Nietzsche's philosophy centers around the idea of "life" as a dynamic, ever-changing process. He viewed life as an artistic creation, where individuals must actively shape their existence. Some of his key concepts related to life include:

- **Will to Power**: This is a fundamental concept in Nietzsche's philosophy. He saw life as an expression of the "will to power," a drive inherent in all living beings to assert and enhance their existence. It's not merely about survival but about flourishing and overcoming obstacles.

- **Eternal Recurrence**: Nietzsche proposed the idea of eternal recurrence, where one must imagine living their life over and over for eternity. This thought experiment encourages individuals to live authentically and make choices they can embrace forever.

### Quotes on Liberty

Nietzsche had a nuanced view of liberty, often focusing on the inner freedom of the individual rather than political or social freedoms. Some of his notable quotes on liberty include:

1. **"The individual has always had to struggle to keep from being overwhelmed by the tribe. If you try it, you will be lonely often, and sometimes frightened. But no price is too high to pay for the privilege of owning yourself."**

This quote emphasizes the importance of personal freedom and the struggle against conformism and societal pressures.

2. **"He who has a why to live can bear almost any how."**

While not directly about liberty, this quote underscores the idea that having a purpose can liberate individuals from the constraints of their circumstances.

3. **"To live is to suffer, to survive is to find some meaning in the suffering."**

Again, this touches on the idea of finding inner freedom through the creation of meaning in one’s life.

### Writings on Liberty

Nietzsche's views on liberty are dispersed throughout his various works, where he often critiques traditional morality and societal structures that he believes limit individual freedom. Some of his significant writings on liberty include:

- **"Thus Spoke Zarathustra"**: This philosophical novel introduces the character Zarathustra, who preaches about the "Übermensch" (Overman) and the need to transcend traditional moral values to achieve true freedom.

- **"Beyond Good and Evil"**: In this work, Nietzsche critiques conventional morality and emphasizes the need for individuals to create their own values and moral frameworks.

- **"On the Genealogy of Morality"**: Here, Nietzsche explores the origins and development of moral concepts, arguing that traditional morality is a tool of the weak to control the strong, thus inhibiting true freedom.

Nietzsche’s thoughts on liberty are deeply interwoven with his overall philosophy, which encourages individuals to break free from societal norms and create their own path in life, guided by their will to power and personal values. His writings challenge readers to embrace life in its entirety, with all its struggles and sufferings, and to find liberation through self-overcoming and the creation of meaning.

Keywords:

Elixir: Liberty is consubstantial to human nature, without Liberty there is no moral and no justice possibility.

Capitalism Revolution minds period:

Tocqueville:

## Alexis de Tocqueville: Life, Quotes on Liberty, and Writings on Liberty

### Life

**Alexis de Tocqueville** (1805-1859) was a French political thinker, historian, and writer, best known for his works exploring democracy and society in the United States. Here’s a brief overview of his life:

- **Early Life and Education:** Born into an aristocratic family in Paris, Tocqueville received a classical education and studied law. His family’s experiences during the French Revolution profoundly influenced his views on society and politics.

- **Journey to America:** In 1831, Tocqueville, along with his friend Gustave de Beaumont, traveled to the United States to study the American prison system. This journey was the foundation for his seminal work, "Democracy in America."

- **Political Career:** Upon returning to France, Tocqueville entered politics. He served as a deputy in the French Chamber of Deputies and held various political positions, including Foreign Minister for a brief period.

- **Literary Contributions:** Tocqueville’s major works include "Democracy in America" (1835-1840) and "The Old Regime and the Revolution" (1856). His writings analyze the strengths and weaknesses of democracy, the role of religion in society, and the nature of liberty.

- **Death:** Tocqueville died of tuberculosis in 1859, leaving behind a legacy as one of the most insightful analysts of modern democracy.

### Quotes on Liberty

Tocqueville’s reflections on liberty are profound and timeless. Here are some notable quotes:

1. **On Individual Freedom:** "The greatness of America lies not in being more enlightened than any other nation, but rather in her ability to repair her faults."

2. **On Despotism:** "It is easier for the world to accept a simple lie than a complex truth."

3. **On Liberty and Equality:** "Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word, equality. But notice the difference: while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude."

4. **On the Tyranny of the Majority:** "The tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy."

5. **On the Role of Government:** "The health of a democratic society may be measured by the quality of functions performed by private citizens."

### Writings on Liberty

Tocqueville’s writings delve deeply into the concept of liberty and its place in democratic societies. Here are key themes and excerpts from his major works:

#### Democracy in America

**Volume 1 (1835)** and **Volume 2 (1840)** of "Democracy in America" explore the political and social systems of the United States. Key themes include:

- **The Role of Religion:** Tocqueville argues that religion plays a crucial role in maintaining moral order and supporting democratic institutions.

- **The Importance of Civil Society:** He emphasizes the role of civil society and associations in preventing the tyranny of the majority and fostering a vibrant democracy.

- **Liberty vs. Equality:** Tocqueville explores the tension between the desire for equality and the need for liberty, suggesting that excessive equality can lead to a form of despotism.

#### The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856)

In this work, Tocqueville analyzes the causes and consequences of the French Revolution. Key insights include:

- **Centralization of Power:** Tocqueville discusses how the centralization of administrative power in France contributed to the collapse of the old regime and the rise of revolutionary fervor.

- **Continuities and Changes:** He examines the continuities between the old regime and the new revolutionary order, highlighting the persistent challenges to liberty.

### Conclusion

Alexis de Tocqueville’s insights into democracy, liberty, and society remain highly relevant. His works offer a nuanced understanding of the complexities of democratic governance and the perennial struggle to balance liberty and equality. Through his reflections, Tocqueville provides timeless wisdom on the conditions necessary for sustaining free and vibrant societies.

Keywords:

Elixir:

David Hume:

### David Hume: Life, Quotes on Liberty, and Writings on Liberty

#### Life of David Hume

David Hume (1711-1776) was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. Born in Edinburgh, Hume was educated at the University of Edinburgh. He initially pursued a career in law but soon turned to philosophy and literature.

Hume's major works include "A Treatise of Human Nature" (1739-1740), which he published at the age of 28. This work, although not initially successful, became one of the most important works in Western philosophy. Hume's "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" (1748) and "An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals" (1751) further developed his philosophical ideas and received better reception. He also wrote "The History of England," a six-volume work that established him as a prominent historian.

Hume's philosophy was grounded in empiricism—the idea that all knowledge arises from sensory experiences. He is well-known for his critique of the concept of causation and his argument that human knowledge is limited to impressions and ideas. Hume's skepticism about religion and his argument against the design argument for the existence of God made him a controversial figure.

#### Quotes on Liberty

David Hume’s reflections on liberty are scattered throughout his works, often touching upon political philosophy and the nature of freedom. Some notable quotes include:

1. **"Liberty of any kind is never lost all at once."** - This highlights Hume's understanding that the erosion of freedoms is often gradual rather than sudden.

2. **"It is seldom that liberty of any kind is lost all at once."** - From "Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary," emphasizing the gradual process by which liberties are often diminished.

3. **"Nothing appears more surprising to those who consider human affairs with a philosophical eye, than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few."** - This quote from Hume's "Of the First Principles of Government" reflects his thoughts on political power and the subtle control exercised by governments over individuals.

4. **"Liberty is the perfection of civil society, but still authority must be acknowledged essential to its very existence."** - Hume believed in a balance between liberty and authority, recognizing the need for a structured society to maintain freedom.

#### Writings on Liberty

Hume’s writings on liberty are integrated within his broader works on political philosophy. Here are a few significant points and works where he addresses the concept of liberty:

1. **"Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary"**:

- In essays such as "Of the Liberty of the Press," Hume discusses the importance of free expression as a cornerstone of a free society.

- "Of Civil Liberty" explores the balance between individual freedoms and the authority necessary to maintain order and justice in society.

2. **"A Treatise of Human Nature"**:

- In this work, Hume examines human psychology and the principles that govern human actions and beliefs, indirectly addressing how these principles impact notions of freedom and liberty.

3. **"An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"**:

- While this work is more focused on epistemology and the nature of human understanding, it also delves into human behavior and the constraints on human freedom imposed by nature and society.

4. **"The History of England"**:

- Throughout his historical work, Hume discusses various events and decisions that shaped the British conception of liberty, providing a historical context to his philosophical ideas.

#### Summary

David Hume's contributions to the philosophy of liberty are deeply intertwined with his broader philosophical inquiries into human nature, society, and government. His skepticism and empiricism led him to question traditional notions of freedom, emphasizing the complex interplay between individual liberties and societal structures. Hume's reflections on liberty remain influential, providing a nuanced understanding of freedom that balances individual rights with the necessary authority of the state.

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Elixir:

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza

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Elixir: emergentism, La mente no sólo el cerebro sino el cuerpo

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Life: 15 de noviembre de 1670-Hackney, Inglaterra; 1733

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Scholasticism

The School of Salamanca

"The theoretical principles of the market economy and the basic elements of economic liberalism were not designed, as believed, by Scottish Calvinists and Protestants, but by Jesuits and members of the School of Salamanca during the Spanish Golden Age."

Friedrich A. Hayek. Austrian economist and Nobel laureate in economics

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References

Berman, M. 2000. Wandering God. A study in Nomadic Spirituality. State University of New York Press. 350 pp.

González-Ruibal, A. 2008. Time to destroy. An archaeology of supermodernity. Current Anthropology 49(2): 247-279.

Haspelmath, M. 2010. The role of homosemasy (semantic equivalence) for constructing comparative concepts in cross-linguistic studies. Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Re-thinking synonymy: semantic sameness and similarity in languages and their description Book of Abstracts. Helsinki, 108 pp.

Schmidtz, D. & Brennan, J. 2010. A Brief History of Liberty. Wiley-Blackwell. 280 pp.

Yun, Q. 2015. Cultural Factors in Semantic Extension: A Typological Perspective on Chinese Polysemy. University of Granada. Language Design, 17: 121-154.

Chapter IV. Investigation: i) Compared educational programs study between Liberal Studies Masters Degrees, Economy Degrees at Universities and, Scottish Liberalism teaching at Highschool, a global random survey. (Dra. María Eugenia Perfetti). ii) Students Survey at Campuses on knowledge of names linked to Liberalism and Libertarianism (UNAV/UPNA/EHU/Bordeaux). iii) presence/absence of libertarian bibliography at universities(UNAV/UPNA/EHU/Bordeaux).

i) Comparative Study of Educational Programs:

A comprehensive comparative study would require an in-depth analysis of the curricula, courses, and teaching approaches of Liberal Studies Masters Degrees, Economy Degrees at Universities, and Scottish Liberalism teaching at High School. Due to the scope and complexity of such a study, it would be best conducted by educational experts and researchers with access to the specific programs and institutions involved.

While I don't have access to the specific study conducted by Dra. María Eugenia Perfetti, a thorough investigation of the educational programs would likely involve examining factors such as:

Curriculum structure: Reviewing the courses offered, their content, and the overall structure of the programs to determine the emphasis placed on liberal studies, economics, or Scottish Liberalism.

Core concepts: Analyzing the key concepts, theories, and philosophical ideas covered in each program to identify commonalities and differences.

Methodology: Assessing the teaching methods employed, including lecture-based instruction, seminars, case studies, or experiential learning opportunities.

Interdisciplinary approach: Examining the extent to which the programs incorporate interdisciplinary perspectives and encourage critical thinking across various disciplines.

Faculty expertise: Evaluating the qualifications and research backgrounds of faculty members to understand their areas of specialization and potential biases.

Graduates' outcomes: Investigating the career paths and achievements of graduates from each program to assess the practical application and impact of their education.

ii) Students Survey on Knowledge of Names linked to Liberalism and Libertarianism:

Conducting a survey among students at different campuses to gauge their knowledge of names associated with liberalism and libertarianism can provide valuable insights. The survey can be designed to include questions about prominent philosophers, economists, political theorists, or historical figures linked to these ideologies. The goal would be to assess the level of familiarity students have with these individuals and their ideas.

To conduct such a survey, it would be necessary to design a questionnaire, administer it to a representative sample of students, and analyze the results. The survey could include multiple-choice questions, open-ended inquiries, or a combination of both to measure students' knowledge, understanding, and awareness of liberal and libertarian thinkers. The survey results can then be statistically analyzed to identify trends, gaps in knowledge, or areas where further education may be beneficial.

iii) Presence/Absence of Libertarian Bibliography at Universities:

To determine the presence or absence of libertarian bibliography at specific universities, a comprehensive review of the available academic resources and library holdings would be necessary. This investigation could involve:

Library catalog analysis: Examining the libraries' online catalogs and searching for books, journals, and other publications related to libertarianism and its various subfields.

Academic journal subscriptions: Assessing whether the universities have subscriptions to prominent libertarian or classical liberal academic journals.

Course syllabi: Reviewing the syllabi of relevant courses to identify if any readings or textbooks related to libertarianism are included.

Faculty research: Investigating the research interests and publications of faculty members to determine if there is a focus on libertarianism or related topics.

Guest lectures or events: Examining whether the universities invite speakers or organize events that feature libertarian scholars or promote discussions on libertarian ideas.

By conducting these investigations, it would be possible to gain insights into the extent to which libertarian ideas and literature are present within the academic resources of the universities in question.

A review, a reflection and a discussion: on Liberty and Economics, Economy and Ecology, Economic Independence and mental failure in Homo sapiens, Ecological Resources and Specimen Reproductive success in vertebrates, self abandon behavior on mammals when hunger. (Dr. Elizabeth Méndez+Profs. César Yegres, Pablo Gatto, Miguel Méndez).

Review:

The topics covered in this review are diverse and touch upon several important aspects of liberty, economics, ecology, and animal behavior. While the ideas presented are intriguing, it is important to note that the statements made may not be supported by current scientific consensus or data, as my training only goes up until September 2021. Nevertheless, I will attempt to provide a general reflection and open the discussion on these topics.

Reflection:

Liberty and Economics:

The relationship between liberty and economics is a complex one. While economic freedom and free markets can enhance individual liberties by providing opportunities for economic growth and prosperity, there is also a need for regulations and policies to ensure fairness, prevent exploitation, and protect vulnerable populations. Striking a balance between economic freedom and social responsibility is crucial for a just society.

Economy and Ecology:

The economy and ecology are interconnected systems. Economic activities can have profound impacts on the environment, including resource depletion, pollution, and habitat destruction. It is essential to pursue sustainable economic practices that consider ecological factors to ensure long-term well-being for both human societies and the natural world.

Economic Independence and Mental Failure in Homo sapiens:

It is unclear what is meant by "mental failure" in the context of economic independence. However, economic independence can play a significant role in individuals' overall well-being and mental health. Economic stability and autonomy can provide a sense of control, reduce stress, and increase opportunities for personal growth and fulfillment.

Ecological Resources and Specimen Reproductive Success in Vertebrates:

In ecological systems, the availability and quality of resources can influence reproductive success in vertebrates. Access to food, suitable habitats, and mates can impact the survival and reproductive abilities of individuals. However, it is important to note that reproductive success is influenced by various factors beyond ecological resources, such as genetic traits, social dynamics, and reproductive strategies.

Self-Abandon Behavior in Mammals When Hungry:

While hunger can drive certain behaviors in mammals, such as foraging and hunting, the concept of "self-abandon behavior" requires further clarification. Mammals generally exhibit survival instincts that motivate them to seek food when hungry, rather than abandon themselves. It would be helpful to provide more specific examples or context for a more in-depth discussion.

Discussion:

Now, let's open the discussion to delve deeper into these topics. Feel free to ask specific questions or provide more details on any of the points mentioned above, and we can explore these subjects further

Epilogue, but not the End!

A personal statement and a global call to change the fate of the old reign of iliberals. It is time for Liberators, the natural evolution of classical liberals and modern libertarians!

A Liberal is the human being that values its own Liberty and respect everyone else Liberties, and knows that the free market, the property rights, free entrepreneurship and respect the moral laws and fair society's rules, all this, leading to an existence in peace and progress, for Homo sapiens economicus, having the Gift from God of the unalienable Rights: Life, Liberty , Faith and Happiness.

A Liberatrian is the active personality in politics, economics and academic fields that applies in themselves these theories and acts accordingly in moral, ethics and cultural-psychological behaviours.

A Liberator is, from now and until the end of History, the free and brave, the person that stands as a Dual Liberal-Libertarian virtuous being, and battles the cultural wars with intelligence, serenity, non violence, audacity and efficiency. Communicating its beliefs and Faith through its own virtuous Life, natural Liberty and spiritual Happiness.

I, a simple human of 200 bones and 600 muscles and 100.000.000.000 brain's cells (as anyone else) propose to all nations of the Unique Planet Earth, to drift gently towards the Nature of Liberties in the economies of all societies, families and individuals, trusting in education for respect, human freedom and intellectual challenges in ethics, science and technologies. We need smaller States managing security and justice, permitting the private initiative of fair entrepreneurs and protecting Life from the very conception.

I would run for EU Parliament in 2030 and beyond to stands proud of my Liberal believes, and will propose two extra changes (ideas) from governments of laws in Europe and being applicable anywhere in the world:

i) to apply, gradually, the region economic-administrative independencies (Chartered Rights -'Derechos Forales'-) like Navarre and Basque Country have and that explain a significant part of their vigorous economic development leading to social and individual well being compared with those regions of similar climate, geology and demographics of northern Spain. I am not a Rothbard big fan, but he had the same idea for the US states in 20th century, or very similar.

ii) to lower the fee of autonomous workers (freelance entrepreneurs), to a logical minimum between 50 and 100 euros per month, to get hundreds of thousands of new familiar enterprises and happier, more prosperous cities and towns: of course these social leaders will have the right to freely choose a higher payment for their retirement plans in either public or private funds, or in a mixed approach if they decide it. This would, naturally, lead to short the labour market for the rest of enterprises, with the subsequent consequence: these will offer higher salaries for more productivity with the best minds and skills for each field of economic ecosystems. So, without expending anyone else's money (Prof. Friedman! It would be an honour to had been your friend! Dear Giant), we will get, in a single, simple movement of extreme audacity two Goliaths with one stone!: less unemployment and better salaries! As we have seen in the short chapter of 'Economy and Mental problems in Homo sapiens' we will get healthier societies, families and individuals, proud of their own personal Independence, the Freedom perceived from Society and Liberty that their Spirit exercise in a Virtuous Free Choice!

Epilogue, but not the End! A Personal Statement and a Global Call to Change the Fate of the Old Reign of Illiberals. It is Time for Liberators, the Natural Evolution of Classical Liberals and Modern Libertarians!

Dear Friends,

Today, I stand before you not just as an individual but as a voice echoing the sentiments of countless people yearning for change. We find ourselves at a critical juncture in human history, where the old reign of illiberals threatens the values we hold dear: freedom, equality, and individual rights. But fear not, for there is hope. It is time for a new era of liberation, a movement that transcends traditional political boundaries—a call to embrace the principles of liberators, the natural evolution of classical liberals and modern libertarians.

Illiberalism, characterized by the concentration of power, disregard for personal liberties, and the erosion of democratic institutions, has spread its roots far and wide. We have witnessed the rise of leaders who prioritize their own interests above those of their citizens, who stifle dissent and undermine the foundations of liberal democracy. But we must not despair; we must rise up and reclaim the spirit of liberty that once burned bright.

The liberator movement draws inspiration from the classical liberal ideals of individual liberty, limited government, and free markets. However, it recognizes that these ideals must adapt to the challenges of the modern world. We cannot remain bound by the dogmas of the past; we must forge a new path that preserves our core values while addressing the complexities of our time.

Liberators understand that true freedom extends beyond the absence of coercion. It encompasses economic empowerment, social justice, and the recognition of the inherent dignity of every individual. We advocate for a society where the pursuit of happiness is not hindered by systemic barriers, where opportunities are accessible to all, regardless of their background or circumstances.

Our movement recognizes the importance of embracing technology and innovation. We understand that the digital age brings both immense possibilities and unique challenges. We call for the protection of privacy rights, the responsible use of artificial intelligence, and the promotion of digital literacy to ensure that technological advancements serve the interests of humanity rather than enslave us.

But we cannot achieve these goals alone. We need a global alliance of like-minded individuals who share our vision. I call upon all those who yearn for a world where freedom thrives, where individuals are empowered, and where the light of liberty shines bright. Let us unite across borders, ideologies, and cultures to forge a path towards a more just and equitable future.

Together, we can challenge the old reign of illiberals and build a world where the liberator spirit prevails. Let us engage in civil discourse, fostering understanding and empathy. Let us champion policies that promote individual rights, economic freedom, and social justice. Let us stand up against the forces that seek to divide us and promote hatred.

The task ahead may seem daunting, but history has shown that change is possible when passionate individuals come together to fight for what is right. We are the inheritors of a rich legacy of thinkers and activists who dared to dream of a better world. Let us honor their memory by continuing their noble pursuit.

Epilogue, but not the end! The time has come for us to rise as liberators, to reclaim the essence of liberty and reshape the destiny of our societies. Let our voices resound across the globe, inspiring others to join our cause. Together, let us create a future where freedom reigns supreme, where the chains of illiberalism are shattered, and where the true potential of humanity is unleashed.

In solidarity,

[Your Name]

Division of Labour (Adams) - The Use of Knowledge in Society (Hayek) - Economic Development and the Accumulation of Know-how (Hausmann)....

Independence – Freedom – Liberty

Freedom limits from social environment

Liberty Sense Matrix of the Individuals, Families, Enterprises.

Independence is the active application of Liberty in a matrix of Freedom

I discovered that the Liberty ideas, is not only to rule better governments but to be used in ourselves, our persons, our enterprises, our families and be positive to get a better understanding of Life and pursue our Happiness! A good philosophy respecting everyone else's Liberties as we care for our own sacred Liberty; we are free to do anything ethical and moral without harming others surrounding us: The unrestricted respect for others’ personal project, as Milei and Benegas-Lynch declares in every single apparition.

Tabla v

Growth, Development in Urban Societies

Wealth linked to...

Evolution

Proposal for Families

Private landowners

Aristotle

10.00%

Lands as assets

French economists before Enlightenment

Gold, Silver, Money

British economist during Enlightenment

30.00%

Work, Labour, Trading, Commerce, objective value of things, 'invisible hand'

Adam Smith

'Laissez-faire'

Bastiat

60.00%

Knowledge, subjective value of things, Price system, 'Spontaneous Order'

Austrian-economics

'Know how'

Chicago Boys

Poverty linked to...

Avoid in all moments

Communal property of land

Plato

Work, labour, production means, objective value of things.

Marx

“ 'New' Deal”

Keynes

State, Collectivism, Education-Communication-Cultural Hegemony

Stalin, Mao, Gramsci, Castro, Chávez, Iglesias,Sánchez, AOC, Sanders, Harris,Chomsky...

“ 'New' World Order”

'you know who'

Tabla w

Actor's Illiberal degree

Actor's Awareness

Examples

(Some...)

Accumulated Liberty harm

1º 1X10

Aware & Privately Belligerent

Political, Military & Economic powerful individuals

100

2º 1X100

Aware & Publicly Belligerent

Cultural, Scientific, Political, Religious powerful individuals

1000

3º 1X1000

Non Aware & & Publicly Belligerent

Universities, Schools, Parties, Unions, Mass Media

10000

4º 1X10000

Non Aware & Inertial neutral social masses

Families, Friends

100000

Cultural battles on Liberty in every sector, fields, region, time...

Tabla x

System

Liberty

Work

Division

Subjective

Value

Price

Information System

Praxeology

Catalaxy

Entrepreneurs

Spontaneous

Order

Iliberal

Capital

gains

Objective

value

Fixed prices

Soviet

'new man'

Social

Engineering

Burocrats

Intelligentsia

Tabla y

b.C Libertyn Today

Private

Property

Athens

Natural

Rights

Scott

Enlightenment

Liberalism

Laissez-faire

Progress

Growth

Libertarian

Liberty-1

Comunal

'Property'

Sparta

Rationalism

Continental

Ilustration

Marxism

State

'revolts'

stagnation

Keynesian

Tabla z

Degree of State related entrepreneurs

Mercantilism

Classic Liberal

Friburg

(Ordoliberal)

Chicago

School

(Public Choice)

Austrain

School

Libertarian

Minarquist

Anarcho Capitalist

‘Business’ with

State,

Contracts,

Deals,

Lobbyists

‘Entrepresaurs’

Free enterprise

rule of law

Social Market

Economy

Limited State

Tiny state

Micro state

No state

*We not want to impose our ideas to nobody, we want to convince, culturally, more people to govern their own lifes. We can not use the state or power to convert others towards our thought, no, that will be anti liberal-libertarian-liberators!!

Tabla zz

Dichotomy in Homo sapiens. Biological/Spiritual. Animal/Human. Instinct/Culture. Good Human/bad Human. confidence/non confidence. Faith/no Faith.

Time/Person

Biological, animal, Instinct, egoism, Bad, Non confidence, no Faith

Spiritual, human, culture, altruism, good, confidence, Faith

circa 360 BC

Plato

Aristotle

c. 60 AD

Plauto

Seneca

Saint Agustin

Saint Thomas Aquinas

Kant, Spinoza, Hobbes

Locke

Marx, Russell, Webber

Jefferson

Freud

Popper

Idea XY

Moral: Costumes: Behavior: Human Action : Human Nature: Invisible hand

Inercia, Innate,

table xx

Liberty

Entity

Web

Language of

Contents

Libertad &

Progreso Foundation

https://www.libertadyprogreso.org/

Spanish

Acton Institute

English

Hoover Institution

https://www.hoover.org/

English

Mises Institute

https://mises.org/

English

Fundación para el Progreso

https://fppchile.org/es/

Spanish

CATO Institute

https://www.cato.org/

English

CEDICE

https://cedice.org.ve/

Spanish

The Heritage Foundation

https://www.heritage.org/

English

ATLAS Network

https://www.atlasnetwork.org/

English

Fraser Institute

https://www.fraserinstitute.org/about

French/English

Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom

https://www.freiheit.org/

German/English

Bush Center

https://www.bushcenter.org/

English

Fundación Rafael Del Pino

https://frdelpino.es/

Spanish

Instituto Juan de Mariana

https://www.juandemariana.org/

Spanish

Universidad Francisco Marroquin

https://www.ufm.edu/

Spanish

Konrad Adenauer Foundation

https://www.kas.de/en/home

German/Spanish/French/English

the words are like software commands, codes, algorithms

that is why ‘some’ want total control of media and education: culture, to control the human praxeology, and inside this latter the human catallaxy, a principal human natural action, trying to kill our spirit of freedom, with fear, anger, hate, pain, uhmmmm Master Yoda…

we have to defend every hour our liberty, independence, freedom, the second most important issue for any (together with Love concept, always in main position God): these 3 latter 'concepts nobody can not be fully explained never ever but the by Creator Itself, one can try but in an endless march through eternity, time, space, matter and energy, the substances of Him.

Liberty was inSpired, and is inherent,impulsive, inertial, innate, involuntary to human souls, minds, spirits, one by one. You can connect with yourself 3 entities that we all are at the same time in different degrees and proportions: biological, human, spiritual: cells, thought, universe substance...

Chapter 5

Biological clock

Claramunt equations

Liberty density basin level

Biología reproductiva

Metabolismo basal

2000 kcal

Gravedad

Neper

Avogadro

Euler

Planck

luz

Coriolis

Browniano

Quanta

Fotones

Giggs

Siong-Soon et al. (2008) experiments in neurobiology on the ‘free will’ appeared as “Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain” and claiming in their abstract: ‘We found that the outcome of a decision can be encoded in brain activity of prefrontal and parietal cortex up to 10 seconds before it enters awareness. This delay presumably reflects the operation of a network of high-level control areas that begin to prepare an upcoming decision long before it enters awareness.

7 to 10 seconds, brain Illumination before decision on ‘which’ hand will raise, and the experimenters could guess seconds before that ‘human action’ really happened. I still think that ideas, decisions, feelings, memory, sentiments, opinions, could be a specific/individual proportioned mix-mosaic of predetermined (determinism?) loaded data in our cellular material (quantic info*) and free will actions, because, what about planning and deciding actions in 1 day or week or 1 year earlier? and not the kind of moving any finger of a hand but deep abstract reasoning and reflection typical of Homo sapiens.

The Decision Model of neurobiologists is seeking with great effort (and maybe public money from taxes?) to demonstrate that Free Will is not possible? To claim it is not true God gave us that? So, how to explain the ‘determined’ movements of arms, legs, face muscles innervated by kilometers of neurons? If so, Who had ‘pre-charged’ this ‘programs’? All this to attack (unconsciously?) the mere existence of the Creator? I repeat, the best explanations for human actions could be a mixed differentiated proportion (genetics probabilistics: mutations, recombination at DNA basis & random mating, random fertilization at ecological/biological level) between predetermined (10 seconds aHead?, amygdala, cerebellum, ‘automatic pilot’ group of neurons?) and free will (medium to long time previous decisions on actions that matters like moral/ethics/cognitive issues? e.g.) Both (predetermined & free will ‘decisions’) are very highly probable that appeared as key Specific Natural features of Homo sapiens, or the Human Nature since the first individuals with verbal language and concepts’ communication abilities appeared in Africa long time back, as we wrote in the Introduction of this group of words I type some seconds after spontaneously appears popping as sparks out from my own neurons...

⟬but in which sector/group of neurons?

where in the neurons?

the cytoplasm? the nuclei? the DNA? the Adenine?

the nitrogen atoms? the electrons or the protons or the neutrons? even smaller packages of info?

Quantic?

like binary coding at silicon chips for today’s tech?

100100111000101010010? positive/negative/neutral charges?

-101110-1001-1000111-1-1-101011101-1?

3 numeral/’guarismos’?

the algorithm of the Verb, Words, Commands, Sounds?

or maybe in all of our atoms of all structural molecules of all sacred body cells?⟭

𝝰

Verb/Word/Spirit

Time/Space/Empty/Infinite/Cyclicn

Creature/Nature

Life

Natural Order

Natural Pulse/Code

Natural Will/Action

Natural Liberty

Natural Laws

Natural Rights

Independence

Property

Prosperity

Growth

Future

Family

Faith

𝝮

i) CONSTRUIR 2 MATRICES DE CONCEPTOS ESPECULARES (ESTA ES LA HIPÓTESIS PARA APORTAR MÁS EVIDENCIAS A LA 'NATURALEZA' DE LA ACCIÓN HUMANA, LA PRAXEOLOGÍA, LA ETOLOGÍA DE PRIMATES)

BUILD 2 MATRICES OF SPECULAR CONCEPTS (THIS IS THE HYPOTHESIS TO PROVIDE MORE EVIDENCE TO THE 'NATURE' OF HUMAN ACTION, PRAXEOLOGY, PRIMATE ETHOLOGY)

[ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM, TROPHIC NETWORK, SYMBIOTIC REL, LOTKA VOLTERRA, FITNESS ECO, ADAPTATION, EVOLUTION, SELEC. NATURAL SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, COEVOLUTION,, REPRODUCTIVE ECOL. BIOL REPRO, DIVERSITY, EQUITABILITY, EQUITABILITY, DOMINANCE, ETC ETC ETC ETC ---]

X, y/o +, y/o VS

[ECONOMÍA, MERCADO, PRECIOS, TRANSACCIONES VOLUNTARIAS, CATALAXIA, CICLOS ECONÓMICOS, CLÍMAX COMERCIAL ECONOMICO DE 1 EMPRESA O SOCIEDAD, RESILIENCIA ECONÓMICA, PROGRESO, INNOVACIONES, ENSAYO ERROR, ESPECIALIZACIÓN, QUIEBRA, ASOCIACIONES COMPLEMENTARIAS, NATALIDAD, MORTALIDAD, EXPECTATIVA DE VIDA, ECONOMÍA DIVERSIFICADA, EQUILIBRIO DE MERCADO, MONOPOLIOS, ETC ETC ETC ETC ---]

ECONOMY, MARKET, PRICES, VOLUNTARY TRANSACTIONS, CATALLAXY, ECONOMIC CYCLES, ECONOMIC COMMERCIAL CLIMAX OF 1 COMPANY OR SOCIETY, ECONOMIC RESILIENCE, PROGRESS, INNOVATIONS, ERROR TEST, SPECIALIZATION, BREAKDOWN, BREAKDOWN, EXTREME EXPENSES , MARKET BALANCE, MONOPOLIES

y quizás descubramos bastantes paralelismos para fortalecer la naturaleza del ser humano, la ley natural, el derecho natural, la Libertad Natural...inherente, inercial, innata, indomable, impulsiva, intacta de Homo sapiens....

and perhaps we will discover enough parallels to strengthen the nature of the human being, natural law, natural law, Natural Freedom ... inherent, inertial, innate, indomitable, impulsive, intact of Homo sapiens ...

Corollary

Information/Knowledge

[Nouns+Adjectives]/[Verbs]

Natural Economy

Level of Liberty

economic

political

spiritual

Nature

Natura

Natality

Nation

Nato

Created

Creation

Creator

As one of my favourite professors online, Gabriel Zanotti, all of this little book would be easier if you Believe in God.

The Natural Motor

YHWH

Matter/Energy/Time/Space/Empty/Infinite/Eternal

Body:Cells:Atoms:Meta-Physics

Ether

with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether they are composed of other particles

undamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary particles exist. Elementary particles are classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin. All the particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, recently including the Higgs boson in 2012. Many other hypothetical elementary particles, such as the graviton, have been proposed, but not observed experimentally...

Fermions

Quarks

down

charm

strange

top

bottom

Leptons

Electron neutrino

Muon

Muon neutrino

Tau

Tau neutrino

electron

Higgs boson

Elementary bosons

force particles

gauge bosons

gluon

W and Z bosons

Graviton

chargino

charged bosons

gluino

gluon

gravitino

graviton

Higgsino

Higgs boson

neutralino

neutral bosons

photino

photon

sleptons

leptons

sneutrino

neutrino

squarks

quarks

wino, zino

W±

Z0 bosons

Photon,

Z boson

W±bosons

photino,

zino,

wino

bino0,

wino0,

wino1,

wino2.

gauginos

neutralinos

charginos

Higgsinos.

bosons:

axion

axino

branon

chameleon

dilaton

dilatino

dual graviton

graviphoton

graviscalar

inflaton

magnetic photon

majoron

majorana fermion

saxion

X17 particle

X and Y bosons

W' and Z' bosons

Mirror particles

Magnetic monopole

Tachyon

Preons

quarks

leptons

Kaluza–Klein towers of particles

Hadrons

Composite fermions

baryons.

Composite bosons

mesons

Quarks

hadron

Baryons

baryon decuplet

gluon

Ordinary baryons

composite fermions

Nucleons

Protons

Neutrons

Hyperons

Λ, Σ, Ξ, and Ω particles,

nucleons

baryons

Pentaquarks

baryons

bosons pion

kaon

J/ψ psion

quantum

hadrons

mesons

nucleons

exotic mesons

Tetraquark

glueball gluons quarks

Hybrid mesons

quark–antiquark

Atoms 118

protons

neutrons

quarks

Molecules

Phonons

Excitons

Plasmons

Polaritons

Polarons

Magnons

Accelerons

anyon

Plekton

WIMP

GIMP

Pomeron

Skyrmion

genon

Goldstone boson

pions

goldstino

instanton

dyon

geon

inflaton

spurion

"true muonium"

muon

antimuon

Dislon

tardyon or bradyon

luxon

tachyon

Quasiparticles

el tema de medir grado de Libertarianismo austriaco y derivados Up & down en sistema económico natural...

Ley natural

Derecho natural

Libertad natural

Somos liberales en el sentido gringo?

O en el sentido escocés, austriaco?

Libertario minarquista?

ANCAP?

Autárquico?

Digo las escuelas de economía y de estudios en artes liberales, sin contar las mainstream keynesianas, o las mezclas ordoliberal de friburgo o Chicago Boys

Debemos verificar eso

Estamos perdiendo por goleada la guerra cultural..

'tu sabes quien' gobierna sistemas educativos y mass media y RRSS

Porque prevalece la libertad?

Por que es un impulso natural, humano, biológico, inherente, innato, instintivo de Homo sapiens

All I can add to knowledge today, is, that this concept (knowledge) is infinite.

No matter what we advance there Will be always something more

If some field of knowledge claims something is definitive, that Will be anti scientific or pseudo scientific, an endesless fatal conceit leading to the Road to serfdom.

Because, the arrogance of proud,that humans are greater than creator ( I think this is his game, 'you-know-who' is playing, whispering...confusing us, telling lies, )

The first 'negative' law, was the prohibition of eating from the tree of knowledge in Edén, as God warns Adam & Eve

Then the ten Commandments: it is important to remember that the term negative law could be offensive or misunderstood by today's society: it could be seen as negativism, something bad. Negative in this point would be in the aim these laws demand from us to say No, or the Creator says 'No, not, don't do this', it is like the childhood phases of 'No' frame by parents, explained by Gabriel Zanotti using Freud's concepts, as a natural way to set limits and 'domesticate' the 'savage' little animal, yet irrational, we all are in our first years of life.

Of the ten (or eleven: Jesus 'adendum') commandments, eight (or nine) are stated in negative terms. Just this one, “Remember the sabbath day to keep it holy,” or The sabbath commandment, apparently a mandatory positive law, but is also negative law if we analyse it as “thou shalt not do any work” (Ex. 20:10; Deut. 5:14), nine of the ten commandments are negative.

Positive laws are then: “Honor thy father and thy mother,” and “A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another; AS I HAVE LOVED YOU...”

Positive in the aim they demand a 'Yes' as an answer

Cited References

Omann, A. (Sister). 1937. Saint Francis of Assisi and Social Reform. Master Degree Thesis, Graduate School, Marquette University. Milwakee, Winscosin. 317 pp.

Long, convenient, and beautiful stories on Liberty

Ideas for anyone free

Edited by Civil Assoc. Foundation LEA

Luís Elguezabal Aristizabal

I start a new journey without finishing other paths of my past,

it came suddenly to brain and soul; aware of the lack of experience, now is a goal: Freedom, Liberty, Life, Happiness, naturally, should pass...

'It is a good thing for an uneducated person to read books of quotations'

Winston Churchill

'¿Hay algo más allá de la Palabra?'

Rafael Arráiz Lucca

'No word was given more meanings and so variously affected humans than Freedom'

Montesquieu

Index

i.Preface

ii.Prologue

iii.Introduction

iv.Methodology

Chapter I. Counting the 'Liberty' word on religious books using digital tools.

Chapter V. A review, a reflection and a discussion: on Liberty and Economics, Economy and Ecology, Economic Independence and mental failure in Homo sapiens, Ecological Resources and Specimen Reproductive success in vertebrates, self abandon behavior on mammals when hunger.

Preface

The sole aim, task

'….to generate the curiosity of self learning on Liberty issues in everyone reading this small grain of myself, to pursue their own and their sacred family's freedom and liberty through entrepreneurship in order to depend less on state apparatus and to spread with our own example and will, the strong message to all human beings. Liberators, this is, Liberals-Libertarians, must conquer our own lives and minds ourselves and not to try to 'change' the actual fate within the state, trying to overtake the same state that we want small to try to impose our views to anyone, if some families want to apply socialism in any of its hundreds of variants in their own farms at owned lands, good, let them be! We are convinced that the unique package of knowledge one can apply in oneself is Liberty Defenders 'ideology-philosophy'. This latter could be the ultimate or sole contribution to new developments on Liberty Thought of this informal piece of paper (or bytes). Do not get me wrong: anytime the battles to defend Liberty permits in 'their' Arena of state/government elections, we must always vote for the less socialists or the more libertarian between the options! At the same time we continue to add more souls, believers, citizens, free sisters & brothers of the 7 oceans to the Liberty Defenders Team, the Liberators! Own properties, invest, as individuals, as family, as friends or partners, to produce goods and services for all, be the local benefactor, compete well, improve, be free and happy, laissez-faire the invisible hand of the spontaneous (natural) order to act, in the name of God, our Human Nature, the Natural Liberty!’

This is not our aim with this text.

Every author/soul on the Liberty Tree has an unique vision.

A great diversity we are going to profit on, to spread It all over the inhabited Lands of Planet Earth to promote entrepreneurial families , free , independent, liberated.

Prologue

The Verb, the words, the language, the abstract concepts of knowledge is a unique feature of Homo sapiens, compared to other living or extant, or extinct primates. In fact, the human larynx is in a lower position in the vocal tract than in other primates, which is related to the resonance cavity in the upper vocal tract for the production of vowels, and only humans among primates have direct cortical control over laryngeal musculature, which may have co-evolved together with the descent of the larynx in our ancestors. Also, our species is the best performer primate using hands as tool makers, as gestual communicators, as speech accessory, as body language aid.

These three anatomophysiological differences make humans the only animal creating words, phrases, concepts, ideas, thought, reflection, creativity, culture, education, Faith.

Thus, we are both animal and human. We have several other features to link our being with Nature, Creatures, with Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Cytology or Ethology, e.g. My crazy idea on the first random appearance of this vocal features in some old primates hominids from the genus Homo spp, is linked to the Biblical couple of Adam and Eve. Maybe they were the first 2 specimens born with this miraculous vocal tract and brain, and still the only one biological species on Earth with this evolutionary trait, maybe a breaking point positive mutation. Later arose more individuals with these features in Eden, Africa, and language, oral communication, traditions, customs, morality, culture, and history began. Certainly, this vocal capacity gave humans the supremacy of better communication to gain control of the ecosystems, biotopes and biomes they were earning little by little only walking from East Africa to southern Africa, and northwards through the once green and watered Sahara towards a land bridge at Gibraltar to reach Europe, and through the Rift to get today's Egypt, Israel, Mesopotamia, East Asia, and from here reaching Australia and later Bering and the Americas.

Introduction

Is funny to discover the Libertarian thinkers and promoters during a historic global lockdown. Even if I have always considered myself as a Freedom and Liberty lover, since childhood and teenage, but maybe in the sense of Liberation of nations like Bolivar achieved with his friends Sucre and O'Leary and dozens more sharing that passion against the oppression of Spanish rulers and laws. I profit from getting out every day of the quarantine of 2020 around my new town, Uharte, in Navarra, to walk the dog of my children, called Puppy. So, I bring my cell phone and listen to YouTube contents on a list of philosophers and moral and economics leaders: Friendman, Hayek, Adams, Bastiat, Locke, Hume, and all the linked influences top-down and bottom-up! All this could be verified if you analyze the cookies registry of my mobile device! How I decided to listen, to know, to learn more about these guys? Well, I have the custom of listening to good old Venezuelan TV shows online like Uslar Pietri or Carlos Rangel with Sofía Ímber, the first with a great art and history educative weekly program called Valores Humanos, 'Human Values', from 1953 to 1987, and the second with an interesting morning show of interviews to politicians, writers and artists called Buenos Días, 'Good Morning', from, 1969 to 1988. As you see I have a rare taste to be a young man, a millennial? born in 1977. I used to watch these 2 programs in The '80s, and later with the Internet, I browse many programs on politics, economics, and history. I liked the ideas of Uslar Pietri, one of the wisest minds of the XX century world wide with no doubt, and I was surprised by Carlos Rangel's intelligence, speech, and how he defends liberty and previewed the catastrophe of socialism in Venezuela 30 years earlier. These two citizens warned all of us in my country, to get a smaller state, to get more economic liberty, to depend less on oil, etc. Through these guys, I reached to listen to modern Venezuelans like Ricardo Hausmann (an ambiguous pro Democrat Party?), a future Nobel Prize in Economics, and by this time the famous 'cookies' of my traces during my online browsing on information started to pop up on my screen with similarities like Martin Krause, Axel Kaiser, Javier Milei or Gloria Alvarez, all great defenders of Libertarianism and Freedom, but in different degrees of efficiency to get new partners of Defenders for the Rights of Liberty, Life, and Happiness. Because every person has a different personality, these latter Latin-American Libertarian leaders, at academic and political networks, they defend so passionately the truth of Liberty and all concepts of free markets, the price law and subjective value, the spontaneous order, the invisible hand of the market, 'laissez-faire', etc., that often they fall into sectarianism and make it harder to convince new Defenders from the socialism supporters (socialist people without understanding it).

Methodology

My main objective is to try to produce a big visual frame synthesizing all rational data and empiric evidence, logical interpretation, to generate a Canvas Infographic on Liberty for Happier Lives (Let’s see if I finally dare…). For this simple aim, I have set a diverse and heterodox strategy to study the Concept of Liberty, I have decided, subjectively, in my own words and opinions, to call it ‘Spontaneous Method’, where I will use i) free available contents in the Internet (YouTube, Google), ii) profiting all information available (potential population or pool of data) for any subject (Liberty, e.g.) and character (Averroes or Hayek, e.g.) and gathering all that in a mental pool, then selecting (a survey, sampling) the concepts, phrases, ideas, words that I consider -in my subjective construction- as key components of my approach under construction, iii) with these pieces and fragments of thought I will be applying random screening and separation methods, as in a chemistry lab splitting liquids into different density phases, different liquids, different dissolved and particulate solutes, and different dissolved gases: decantation, distillation, filtration, centrifugation, until obtaining a selection of ideas capable of being usable (by my own reasoning) in new phrases, thoughts to cope with our idea and natural inspiration thinking on Liberty from my personal views.

I. Counting the 'Liberty' word in religious books using digital tools.

Words/ Texts	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Tot.	Ave.	Stand. Dev.
Liberty	23	0	3	4	0	22	1	0	0	0	53	5,3	9,18
Freedom	5	0	0	65	7	15	1	0	0	0	93	9,3	20,17
Free will	1	0	0	4	0	3	0	0	0	0	8	0,8	1,48
Liberation	0	0	0	0	10	21	0	0	0	0	31	3,1	7,03
Liberate	5	3	0	3	8	38	0	12	0	0	69	6,9	11,64
Liberator	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0,1	0,32
Total	34	3	4	76	25	99	2	12	0	0	255	25,5	35,01
Average	9,71	0,86	1,14	21,71	7,14	28,29	0,57	3,43	0	0	72,86	7,29	12,12
Standard Deviation	8,8	1,22	1,21	25,7	4,67	13,92	0,52	4,9	0	0	35,8	3,58	7,28

You can repeat this survey at your campus and go deeper on this subject of analysis, always respecting all Beliefs and Faiths, remember that dear sisters and brothers.

II. Investigating traces and evidence, metadata analysis for the word-concept of 'Liberty', giving the output of the semantic interpretation of the word 'Liberty' in different languages from at least one representing each of the major linguistic families of global languages-cultures

In archaeology, the 'par excellence' scientific discipline of 'things' as elegantly described by González-Ruibal (2008) there is a link to psychology within its branch of cognitive-processual archeology that leads to the development and evolution of human thought based on materials, tangible objects or 'things' traced back like: identity, personhood and self, human and social agency, emotion, perception of the environment, memory, distributed cognition, enculturation, and, of course, the idea of liberty as described by Schmidtz & Brennan (2010) in the chapter 'A Prehistory of Liberty: Forty Thousand Years Ago' of their book 'A Brief History of Liberty'.

Liebniz (1646-1716) also proposed the 'characteristica universalis' in an 'alphabet of human thought' meaning that all languages in the planet have common concepts (for example 'Liberty'); the german Liebniz took from the french Descartes (1596-1650) the 'methods' to analyze the logic of language, and also regarded, amazed, the coincidences with the catalan sage Ramon Llull (1232-1316) even 4 centuries before Leibniz: Llull had written before Leibniz about that human reason is the fact of combining primitive concepts. visualizing a conceptual alphabet as the basic structure of the universe of knowledge and thought. Thus, the conceptual atomism, is the theory that sustains the current concepts in any language are composed and constructed from a small number of primitives ideas.

Let's find some meanings or equivalents for 'Liberty'.

Indo-European Language Family:

English: Liberty

Spanish: Libertad

French: Liberté

German: Freiheit

Russian: Свобода (Svoboda)

Hindi: स्वतंत्रता (Swatantrata)

Sino-Tibetan Language Family:

Mandarin Chinese: 自由 (Zìyóu)

Afro-Asiatic Language Family:

Arabic: حرية (Hurriya)

Niger-Congo Language Family:

Swahili: Uhuru

Austronesian Language Family:

Malay: Kebebasan

Dravidian Language Family:

Tamil: சுதந்திரம் (Suthandiram)

Turkic Language Family:

Turkish: Özgürlük

Uralic Language Family:

Finnish: Vapaus

Austroasiatic Language Family:

Khmer: សេរីភាព (Seripheap)

Japonic Language Family:

Japanese: 自由 (Jiyū)

For Indo-european linguistic family we have chosen the English and French languages.

After the English Language Cambridge Dictionary online the word 'Liberty' is: the freedom to live, work, and travel as you want to.

Also, the word 'Liberal' arose this meaning in the same source: accepting beliefs and behaviour that are new or different from your own.

In French language, we used the Larousse online Dictionary for the word 'Liberté', with many definitions, we use here the first one appeared: State of someone who is not subject to a master.

The word 'Libéral' has 3 main meanings: i) a freelance professional; ii) someone who is favorable to individual liberties; iii) opposite to Napoleon Bonaparte or Republican.

In the indigenous proto-european and Non Indo-european language, Basque, the language of half of my ancestors, and using the online Dictionary at Euskadi.eus, the word 'Askatasuna' for Liberty has the following meaning for Basque people: freedom of expression, assembly, religious, teaching, thinking. ‘Malheureusement’ this sacred word was kidnapped by leftist terrorists, and now if you dare to say or cry out this word in public, you probably will be related with basque marxist ETA terrorists...

Niger-Congo linguistic family: Swahili and Yoruba languages.

Using the web https://africanlanguages.com/swahili/ and introducing the entry 'liberty' there are 2 results very similar in phonetics: 1. Uhuru, meaning freedom, liberty, and 2. Huria for freedom, liberty, independence

In Yoruba https://yorubadictionary.co/entry/liberty there are very interesting views for the concept of 'liberty' for Yoruba cosmogony, Ominira, meaning:

right, independence, freedom, familiarity and autonomy.

Austronesian linguistic family: Malagasy and Javanese languages.

In Malagache language Fahafahana for Liberty means: 'It is the nature of a free human, that is, not to be enslaved, not to be enslaved by others, but to do as she/he pleases', as appears in http://malagasyword.org/bins/teny2/fahafahana.

In Javanese language Kamardikan means also 'Independence, Freedom and Liberty'; in Malay and Indonesian is Kemerdek, and in Sundanese is Kamerdik, very similar in phonetics.

Trans-New Guinea linguistic family:

Sino-Tibetan linguistic family: Chinese and Sherpa

In chinese language, Zìyóu, means 'freedom, free, unrestrained, liberty' as cited by Yu (2015) at

http://elies.rediris.es/Language_Design/LD17/LD17_06_Yun.pdf

In sherpa language, Khomu means 'free' or Kinmu means 'free from worries'

Afro-Asiatic linguistic family: Hebrew, Arabic, Amharic, Aramaic

In hebrew language, Hhofesh means 'freedom', while Hherouth is 'liberty', with a strong sense on the opposite to slavery, and as a value from God.

In arab language, Hurriyya means 'freedom', used by popular language in a predominantly non-political way, until 19^th century, then shifted its sociological semantic towards 'political independence' during 20^th century, used by nationalists when Ottoman Empire ruled and European Metropoles colonized the Arab world.

In amharic language, Nets’aneti means 'Liberty' and 'Freedom', and is also used as a name in Ethiopia.

In aramaic language, the main language spoken by our Lord JesusChrist, the equivalent is B'khiaruota that means 'Freedom'.

Pama–Nyungan linguistic family: wunambal.

After an expert linguistic anthropologist in Australian languages and from one of top 20 university worldwide (preferring not to be mentioned in this book, as written in the emails exchanged): “The only example I have in my database is from Wunambal (recorded by Arthur Capell): Buraŋgaja. Concepts like 'Liberty' are bound up in social hierarchy and slavery that wasn't historically present in Australia, so it's not terribly surprising that there aren't many words along those lines. There are plenty of words around "free" though - e.g. to set something free.”

'My' Liberty Idea: Liberators Philosophers

I would want to become a Liberator. I Liberate myself to conquer my Life, Liberty and Happiness, I am the 'Captain of my Soul'!. Liberty is the alpha & omega Natural resource! Liberty is a divine gift, a natural trait, one of the key features of our spirit. Liberty must be seen as an ethological (biological) characteristic of Homo sapiens sapiens. Liberty is a human ecology feature. Liberty is a human biology trait: Natural Laws goes through Natural Rights to Protect our Natural Liberty.

Market is to society what trophic webs are to species and ecosystem is to biota, and the spontaneous ‘natural’ order is the invisible hand randomly structuring our human groups since Homo sapiens arose, as a natural quality of human beings, that, when is intentionally manipulated from centralized decision makers supposed 'smarter' minds, is then... perturbed. It's like trying to cultivate crops in the amazon forest without the violent force of pesticides.

That invisible liberty/freedom/independence trait in every human being, is inertial, spontaneous, natural of our humanized

(spirit/verb/word) brain/mind/thought/knowledge/culture.

Anyone can not control human liberty other than with violent forces or menaces of force.

But...

Nowadays, this latter superpower of mental liberty, which was based before, and, during the 19^th and 20^th centuries on the assumption that no one could know what we are thinking, and our brain, opinions, and thoughts were private and our last frontier of freedom, liberty and independence...

It is accepted that the state can not direct the economy because it is a social web of trillions of voluntary transactions every minute around the human planet, at least it can not do it effectively.

Today, the Gates of our minds were opened with cookies & big data, and many groups now can handle trillions of data every second we live in virtual societies. This is a threat for Liberty.

Think about it. Who may want to undermine our values? Our sacred family? Our elders (euthanasia)? Our nonnatus babies (abortion)? Our Dignity?

When informatics started to do that? Who were the inventors of these features?

My hypothesis is linked to anti Liberty ideologies: ‘liliberals’ to me.

So, be aware of this and use the Internet less, and walk, chat more at cafes, parks, naturally, and cheat Cookies Analytics, use other bridges, you can. Keep your mental Liberty, our last frontier...

Keep Stoic, act Caritatively, be Virtuous, cultivate Wisdom, be Courageous, maintain Temperance, develop Hope, be always Fair, gain Faith, become Free.

Each of these principles can contribute to personal growth and well-being. Let's explore them further:

It is time for the cultural battle against anti Liberty ideologies

I will be using the term ‘iliberal’ to signal those -not so- secret actors contradicting world wide the natural Liberty, a natural law, the natural rights.

Some minds cited in these pages recall on that the State, the Central Planning, the Keynesianism, the Marxism, the Socialism, the Communism in any of myriad of different names (same ancient task) and we unify these terms into the ‘iliberal’ concept, the opposite, the inverse of Liberty = Liberty^-1.

Sir Milton Friedman said in a modern youtube post of a video of the 70’s, that ‘the term Liberal was kidnaped in the 60’s in the US, by those who feel free enough to use everyone else’s money’, thus promoting confusion among the public to identify the Classic Liberals, still known in Europe and the rest of the planet as Liberals. Apparently we lost this semantic/linguistic little battle in the US, they achieved the goal of that the public opinion thinks of Liberals as progressist, lefty or followers of the Democrat Party. Nothing more far from facts. These ‘north american’ Liberals are pro Deep State and the New World Order, with central planning for the entire planet society, as we were a giant ants' colony. It is scary… Help US Archangel Saint Michael to beat this Anaconda!

Why should the state be minimized? as it is an abstract creation of some people, it is a huge paradigm! How to dismantle the states without eliminating human societies as we know them today?

As the wise Prof. Bastos says (in spanish or galician online conferences), today the state is a more abstract idea than ever, at least with medieval monarchies, the people ‘could signal the state’, represented in one single person: c’est moi l’État!, the king or the queen, and the system worked better because if the ruler imposes more taxes or penalties, the society would eventually behead the dignitary with violence (as Juan de Mariana wrote, Salamanca School: Tyrannicide), such a control measure that will be impossible today, as the state are monsters of paper, ideas in ink, and it is not a living entity with no personality, non ontologic, is the sum of thousands of rules, laws, bureaucracy, a system converted in the ‘anti human-ecosystem’, the habitat and the modus vivendi of a new* category: Homo officinalis sapiens indoeuropeae catholica keynesii.

I come with a parallelism to figure it out the idea: the state would hides its ‘personal responsibilities’ behind the Hooligan factor, in which the mass of people acts violently in popular sports, more often football, because they feel anonymous or unreachable...

New Categories' Proposal for a better understanding of Humans beings

III.Philosophical approaches (overview) and thought on Liberty: Selected

Libertarian minds period:

Modern Judeo-Christian minds period:

Capitalism Revolution minds period:

Enlightenments minds period:

Circa Renaissance minds period:

Abrahamic Middle Age minds period:

Christian Saints minds period:

Christian Apostles minds period:

Socratic minds period:

PreSocratic minds period:

Persian minds period:

Hebrew Prophets minds period:

Chinese minds period:

Hindu minds period:

Egypt minds period:

Mesopotamian minds period:

21st Century & 3rd Millenium Liberators’ Freedom era:

These arbitrary periods are then yuxtaposed and 'touching' with others periods until now even, because there will be always somebody studying this periods' thought.

There is a cognitive link surviving today, because, let's take this example of Sir (to me) Thomas Sowell, he was 'le Delfin' of the Giant (to me) Milton Friedman, who took the big influence of Montpelerin Society together with dozens of minds as outstanding as Hayek, Mises, Roekpe, this leading to Austrian-economics school of Menger, this one reading Adams, Locke, Hume, this Britain Enlightenment group taking some big ideas from Salamanca School as Hayek said once, and this spanish Jesuit influenced academic place was in turn affected, positively, by Saint Thomas Aquinas, this true Giant was influenced by Aristotle trough what I called 'Abrahamic Middle Age Minds' period, the ones bringing light during dark medieval times, like Averroes, Al Farabi, Maimonides, Avicenna.

Philosophical Approaches and Thoughts on Liberty:

Libertarian minds period:

‘Youtube Videos’ for Liberty II:

Too smart for me: Roger Scruton, Jordan Peterson, Ben Shapiro, Ron Paul, Jeff Deist.

https://mises.org/profile/jeff-deist

https://www.roger-scruton.com/

https://www.jordanbpeterson.com/about/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shapiro

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ron-Paul

Peterson: